Laus lus thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus. Tus nqi ntawm cov laus Lavxias teb sab lus

Vocabulary - ib tug sau ntawm tag nrho cov lus uas peb siv. Ib tug cais pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv lub lexicon yuav suav hais tias qub lus. Lawv yog cov nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus ntau heev, thiab lawv yuav mus rau txawv keeb kwm sij hawm.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub vintage lus

Txij li thaum cov lus yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev ib feem ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg, thiab cov lus uas yog siv nyob rau hauv cov lus no yog ntawm cov keeb kwm muaj nqis. Laus lus thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus yuav qhia tau rau ib tug ntau heev txog yam xwm txheej tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv ib qho kev era thiab ib co ntawm lawv twb tseem ceeb heev. Laus los yog laus dua, cov lus no yog tsis muaj kev koom siv nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, tab sis tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm cov neeg, daim ntawv sau nyob rau hauv dictionaries thiab siv phau ntawv. Feem ntau lawv yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab.

Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov paj huam Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina, peb nyeem hauv qab no zaj:

"Cov neeg muaj hwj chim tub,

Nrog cov phooj ywg nyob rau hauv siab Gridnitsa

Vladimir hnub-feasting,

Me ntxhais nws muab

Rau lub siab tawv thawj Ruslan ".

Ntawm no yog lo lus "Gridnitsa". Tam sim no nws tsis siv, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm tub huabtais Vladimir, nws meant ib tug loj chav, nyob rau hauv uas tus tub vaj ntxwv nrog nws retinue txheej txheem festivals thiab kev noj kev haus.

historicism

Laus lus thiab lawv ntawv muaj ntau hom. Raws li zaum, lawv muab faib ua ob pawg loj.

Historicism - lo lus uas yog tam sim no khwb khuav siv rau yog vim li cas hais tias tuaj tawm ntawm txoj kev siv ntawm lub tswv yim hais tias lawv sawv cev rau. Piv txwv li, "lub tsho tiv no", "mail" ris tsho ua rog "archaisms, thiab lwm yam - cov no yog cov lus uas txhais cov ntsiab lus paub rau peb nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, piv txwv li, lub qhov ncauj -. Di ncauj, lub puab tsaig - lub puab tsaig, caj dab ntawm - lub caj dab.

Nyob rau hauv hnub no tus hais lus, raws li ib tug txoj cai, lawv yuav tsis siv. Ntse lus thiab lawv lub ntsiab, uas muaj ntau yam tsis to taub, rau peb txhua hnub hais lus tsis raug. Tab sis lawv tsis ploj zoo rau nws lawm. Historicism thiab archaisms sau ntawv siv los tseeb qhia txog yav dhau los ntawm cov neeg, los ntawm cov lus uas lawv qhia qhov tsw ntawm lub era. Historicism yuav tseeb qhia rau peb hais txog ib yam dab tsi uas tau tshwm sim ib zaug nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws.

archaisms

Tsis zoo li historicism archaisms sawv cev rau lub phenomena uas peb ntsib nyob rau hauv lub neej niaj hnub. Qhov no ntse cov lus, thiab lawv lub ntsiab tsis txawv ntawm lub niaj zaus rau peb cov lus, tsuas yog lawv lub suab sib txawv. Archaisms yog cov sib txawv. Muaj cov neeg uas yog txawv los ntawm zoo tib yam lus cia li ib co nta ntawm txawv thiab muaj cim zoo. Piv txwv li, lawg, thiab lub nroog, kub thiab kub Mlada - tub ntxhais hluas. Qhov no phonetic archaisms. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 muaj ntau yam zoo li lus. Nws klob (qws), Stora (ntaub).

Muaj yog ib pab pawg neeg ntawm archaisms nrog outdated lus, xws li Muzeum (tsev cia puav pheej), kev pab (kev pab), fishermen (neeg nuv ntses). Feem ntau cov feem ntau peb tau raws li lexical archaisms, piv txwv li, lub qhov muag - lub qhov muag, sab tes xis - txoj cai txhais tes Shuitsev - sab laug tes.

Raws li historicism, archaisms yog siv los tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv cov ntawv tseeb. Yog li ntawd, Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin feem ntau siv archaic lus los muab nws tej hauj lwm pathos. Qhov no yog kom meej meej taw qhia los ntawm cov paj huam "Tus Yaj Saub".

Lo lus ntawm Ancient Rus

Ancient Rus muab ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov niaj hnub kab lis kev cai. Tab sis, ces muaj yog ib tug kev lexical ib puag ncig, ib co ntawm cov lus uas tau raug fwm nyob rau hauv cov niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab lus. Thiab ib txhia yog tsis siv rau hauv tag nrho. Laus obsolete Lavxias teb sab lus ntawm txoj kev era muab peb ib lub tswv yim txog lub keeb kwm ntawm lub East Slavic lus.

Piv txwv li, cov thaum ub curses. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog cov meej heev rog xav txog ntawm qhov tsis zoo qualities ntawm tus neeg. Joe Tshuab - talker, Ruhm - crybaby Tolokonov lub hauv pliaj - ib tug neeg ruam, zahuhrya - disheveled txiv neej.

Tus nqi ntawm cov laus Lavxias teb sab lus tej zaum txawv los ntawm ib tug hauv paus tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub lus. Peb yeej paub tias cov lo lus "siganut" thiab "whitefish", lawv txhais li cas ib tug sai zog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Laus Lavxias teb sab lo lus "sig" txhais hais tias lub tsawg tshaj plaws chav tsev ntawm lub sij hawm ntsuas. Nyob rau hauv ib Mig muaj 160 whitefish. Qhov loj tshaj kev ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb yog suav hais tias "ntxiv deb", uas yog sib npaug zos rau 1, 4 lub teeb-xyoo.

Ancient lus thiab lawv lub ntsiab yog tham txog los ntawm kws tshawb fawb. Ancient npib yog suav hais tias yog cov npe uas tau siv nyob rau hauv ancient Russia. Rau npib uas muaj emerged nyob rau hauv lub yim thiab cuaj pua nyob rau hauv Russia tau mas los ntawm lub as Caliphate, siv lub npe "Coon", "nogata" thiab "txiav". Ces muaj cov thawj Lavxias teb sab npib - nws zlatniki thiab tej daim ntawm cov nyiaj.

Dhau caij nyoog lo lus los ntawm cov 12th thiab 13th centuries

Pre-Mongol lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Russia, 12-13 xyoo pua, tsiag ntawv los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm architecture, uas yog ces hu ua architecture. Ntsig txog, thiab muaj ces ib tug txheej ntawm cov lo lus uas txuam nrog rau kev tsim kho thiab erection ntawm vaj tse. Ib txhia ntawm cov lus tau ces tawm nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub hais lus, tab sis cov nqi ntawm cov laus Lavxias teb sab lo lus rau tag nrho cov sij hawm no tau hloov.

Lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th muaj ib tug fortress, uas yog ces hu ua "Detinets". Ib me ntsis tom qab, nyob rau hauv lub 14th caug xyoo, lub sij hawm 'Kremlin', uas yog ces kuj txhais nroog. Lo lus "Kremlin" yuav ua tau ib tug piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas hloov qub obsolete Lavxias teb sab lus. Yog hais tias lub Kremlin yog ib tug, yog qhov chaw nyob ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev, ces kremlins ntau.

Nyob rau hauv lub 11th thiab 12th centuries nyob rau hauv Russia mus tsim lub zos thiab fortresses ntawm ntoo. Tab sis lawv yuav tsis withstand lub onslaught ntawm lub Mongol-Tatars. Lub Mongols, los yuav tsum yeej xwb lub ntiaj teb, cia li twv ntoo fortress. Sawv pob zeb nroog ntawm Novgorod thiab Pskov. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm lo lus "Kremlin" zoo nkaus li nyob rau hauv lub Tver keeb kwm nyob rau hauv 1317. Nws yog synonymous nrog ancient lo lus "kremnik". Ces lawv tau ua Kremlin nyob rau hauv Moscow, Tula thiab Kolomna.

Social thiab aesthetic luag hauj lwm ntawm archaisms nyob rau hauv classical ntaub ntawv

Ancient lus, qhov kev sib tham uas yog feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv scientific cov khoom, feem ntau siv los ntawm Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv yuav ua rau lawv tej lus hais ntau paub qhia tej lo artwork. Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin nyob rau hauv nws tsab xov xwm piav txog tus txheej txheem ntawm creation ntawm "Boris Godunov": "Kuv sim twv cov lus ntawm lub sij hawm."

Mihail Yurevich Lermontov kuj thov nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm rau hauv lub qub lus thiab lawv lub ntsiab haum nkaus qhov tseeb ntawm lub sij hawm, los ntawm qhov uas lawv tau npaum li cas. Qhov tseem ancient lus tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm "Cov Song txog Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich." Qhov no, piv txwv li, "Veda", "huag, koj goy esi" Ali. " Tsis tas li ntawd, Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky sau tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntau yam qub lus. Qhov no "Dmitry lub ua txuj", "Voivod", "Kozma Minin Zaharich-Sukhoruk".

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov lus ntawm lub xeem ntu nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntaub ntawv

Archaisms tseem nrov nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Nco qab tus naas ej ua hauj lwm los ntawm Ilf thiab Petrov "Lub Kaum Ob tug Quav". Ntawm no, cov laus lus thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus muaj ib tug yus, humorous laus.

Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv piav txog lub ntsib Ostap Bender zos Vasyuki pom cov kab lus "ib tug-eyed txiv neej tsis coj nws tsuas qhov muag nrog grossmeysterovoy nkawm khau." Siv kom lub Koom Txoos Slavonic archaisms xim thiab nyob rau hauv lwm rov: "Leej Txiv Fyodor yog tshaib plab. Kuv xav kom nws wealth. "

Stylistic uas tsis thaum uas siv cov historicism thiab archaisms

Historicism thiab archaisms yuav zoo heev embellish tseeb, tab sis lawv cov inept siv lub luag. Ancient lus, qhov kev sib tham uas yog feem ntau ib tug heev tibneeg hu tauj coob, raws li ib tug txoj cai, yuav siv tsis tau nyob rau hauv txhua hnub hais lus. Yog hais tias koj pib nug ib tug passerby: "Yog vim li cas lub caij ntuj no qhib caj dab ntawm koj," nws tsis to taub koj (xa mus rau lub caj dab).

Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawv xov xwm hais lus kuj pom tsis tsim nyog siv historicism thiab archaisms. Piv txwv li: "Lub tsev kawm ntawv tus thawj xib fwb privechayut hluas cov xib fwb uas tau tuaj mus xyaum." Lo lus "tsis tso tseg" yog synonymous nrog lo lus "Zoo siab txais tos". Tej zaum cov menyuam kawm ntawv tso rau hauv lawv cov compositions archaisms thiab li tsis muaj ib tug heev ntshiab thiab txawm absurd. Piv txwv li: "Olga tuaj khiav nyob rau hauv lub kua muag thiab hais rau Tatiana Ivanovna txog lub insult." Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj xav kom siv lub qub lo lus, lub ntsiab lus, txhais lus, lub ntsiab lus uas lawv yuav tsum tau kiag li kom meej rau koj.

Dhau caij nyoog lus fantasy thiab science ntawv tseeb

Sawv daws yeej paub hais tias tau nco tej chaw nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm xws lwm yam raws li fantasy thiab science ntawv tseeb. Nws hloov tawm hais tias nyob rau hauv lub fantasy hom ntawv nyeem ua hauj lwm, cov laus lo lus yog lug siv, thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus yog tsis ib txwm kom meej rau cov niaj hnub nyeem.

Ntsiab xws li "banner" thiab "cov ntiv tes", tus nyeem ntawv yuav to taub. Tab sis tej zaum muaj ntau cov lo lus xws li "Caumont" thiab "inculcate". Kuv yuav tsum hais tias publishers yeej tsis pom zoo ntawm ntau siv archaisms. Tab sis muaj tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas tus sau phau ntawv yog siv ntse historicism thiab archaisms. Nws ua haujlwm los ntawm cov series "Slavic fantasy." Piv txwv li, lub novels ntawm Maria Stepanova 'Valkyrie', Tatiana Korostyshevsky "niam ntawm lub plaub cua," Maria Semenova "Wolfhound", Denis Novozhilov "Far Far deb lub nceeg vaj. Cov tsov ua rog rau lub zwm txwv. "