Lub keeb kwm ntawm Russia ntawm lub 14th xyoo pua

14th xyoo pua - lub sij hawm ntawm tseem ceeb kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab principalities. Nyob rau hauv no cov keeb kwm lub sij hawm thaum kawg muab lub hwj chim ntawm tus Golden Horde nyob rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj ib cheeb tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av. Maj mam nrog me me fiefdoms inflames tus tawm tsam rau supremacy thiab tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm nws fiefdom tshiab centralized lub xeev. Tsuas yog tus ob leeg dag zog ntawm Lavxias teb sab av yuav muab pov tawm lub yoke ntawm nomads thiab muab nws qhov chaw ntawm cov European powers. Ntawm cov hiob lub zos, rhuav kom puam tsuaj los ntawm lub Tatar raids, muaj tsis muaj hwj chim, tsis muaj nom tswv cov neeg tseem ceeb, los yog cawv, yog li ntawd tsis Kiev tsis Vladimir thiab Suzdal yuav tsis thov yuav rau yav tom ntej reign ntawm qhov chaw. Rus nyob rau hauv lub 14th xyoo pua qhia cov tshiab favorites nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg. Nws Novgorod koom pheej, cov neeg pej xeem Duchy ntawm Lithuania thiab Muscovy.

Novgorod av. piav me ntsis txog ntawm

Nyob rau hauv lub qub hnub, lub Mongolian cavalry tsis tau mus txog Novgorod. Lub nroog flourished thiab tuav nws cov cawv vim nws central qhov chaw ntawm lub Baltic lub xeev, sab hnub tuaj Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av thiab cov neeg pej xeem Duchy ntawm Lithuania. Txias SNAP muaj hnub nyoog 13-14 (Little Ice Age) significantly txo loo nyob rau hauv pawg neeg thaj av ntawm Novgorod, Novgorod tab sis ciaj thiab ua txawm richer los ntawm kev ua qhov kev thov rau rye thiab hom qoob mog nyob rau hauv lub Baltic ciaj uas muag.

Nom tswv ntaus ntawv Novgorod

Cov nom tswv qauv ntawm lub nroog nyob ze rau qhov Slavic sawv Chamber. Qhov no daim ntawv ntawm internal affairs tswj muaj nyob rau hauv lwm yam Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av, tab sis tom qab lub enslavement ntawm Russia sai sai tuaj rau naught. Teb, cov tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv lub Principality Vershilo Chamber - daim ntawv ntawm ancient cov tub ceev xwm. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb lub keeb kwm ntawm Russia ntawm lub 14th xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Novgorod muab ob txhais tes ntawm muaj myiaj cov pej xeem. Muag khoom ntxiv mus cereals thiab active luam nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus qhia tsim nyob rau hauv Novgorod sab stratum ntawm muaj myiaj neeg - lub "golden siv", uas yog ua tau siv tau los ua nom tswv nyob rau hauv lub nqi zog.

Txog thaum lub kawg accession mus rau lub Moscow nqi zog ntawm Novgorod av yog lub feem ntau kim heev ntawm tag nrho cov uas koom siab ua ke Russia nyob rau hauv lub 14th caug xyoo.

Yog vim li cas Novgorod los ua qhov chaw

Novgorod cheeb tsam twb tsis densely populated, txawm nyob rau hauv lub heyday ntawm lub nqi zog ntawm Novgorod tus pej xeem tsis pub tshaj 30 txhiab tus neeg -. Qhov ntawd ntau npaum li cas yuav tsis tsum yeej xwb neighboring pawg neeg thaj av, los yog tuav lawv nyob rau hauv lawv lub hwj chim. Txawm tias lub keeb kwm ntawm lub 14th xyoo pua Novgorod hu ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws Christian chaw zov me nyuam, lub Koom Txoos nyob rau hauv lub Principality ntawm kuj zoo kawg hwj chim muaj. Lwm teeb meem loj yog cov uas tsis muaj fertility ntawm Novgorod thiab ib tug muaj zog dependence nyob rau ntau yav qab teb thaj tsam. Novgorod maj los ua ntau thiab ntau nyob rau Moscow, thiab nws thiaj li los ua ib tug ntawm lub zos ntawm Moscow nqi zog.

Qhov thib ob thov. Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania

Lub keeb kwm ntawm Russia ntawm lub 14th xyoo pua yuav tsis tau ua kom tiav tsis muaj ib tug piav qhia ntawm tej yam uas tau muaj rau thaj av uas Duchy ntawm Lithuania (RAU). Tsim nyob rau hauv ruins ntawm tus poj Estates ntawm Kiev, nws tau sau nyob rau hauv nws cov chij ntawm Lithuanians, lub Balts thiab Slavs. Tawm tsam lub backdrop ntawm qhov tawm tsam horde Western rusichi pom nyob rau hauv Lithuania nws tej protector tiv thaiv cov tub rog ntawm lub Golden Horde.

Lub hwj chim thiab kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv RAU

Lub zoo tshaj plaws hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub xeev tau koom rau tus tub huabtais - nws twb tseem hu ua Gospodar. Nws mloog tus me vassals - pany. Tsis ntev RAU tshwm nyob rau hauv ib qho kev ywj PatientsÕ lub cev - lub parliament, uas yog ib tug council ntawm influential lords thiab yuav ntxiv zog rau lawv txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm domestic txoj cai. Cov teeb meem loj yog cov tsis muaj ib tug ntshiab ntaiv ntawm succession - txoj kev tuag ntawm yav tas los tub huabtais provoked infighting ntawm tej zaum successors, thiab feem ntau ntxiv rau lub zwm txwv yog tsis yog txoj cai nws tus kheej, thiab feem ntau unscrupulous ntawm lawv.

Kev cai dab qhuas nyob rau hauv Lithuania

Raws li rau kev ntseeg, lub 14th xyoo pua tau tsis xaiv rau ib tug vector Duchy ntawm Lithuania kev cai dab qhuas views thiab sympathies. Lithuanians tau ntev tau ntse thawb ntawm Catholicism thiab Orthodoxy, nyob rau hauv nws lub siab tseem nyob pagans. Tub huabtais yuav tau ua kevcai raus dej nyob rau hauv lub Catholic txoj kev ntseeg, thiab tus npis sov nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj Orthodoxy. Lub sab masses ntawm tus peasantry thiab townspeople feem ntau adhered Orthodox pib, 14th century dictated cov kev xaiv ntawm txoj kev ntseeg raws li ib daim ntawv teev uas tau phoojywg thiab tw. Rau Catholicism yog ib tug haib teb chaws Europe, Orthodoxy tseem rau sab hnub tuaj lub tebchaws, uas muaj tsis tu ncua them mus rau lwm cov faiths.

Yog vim li cas tsis Lithuania

West Russia nyob rau hauv 14-15 centuries, skillfully thawb ntawm lub Golden Horde thiab cov European invaders. Qhov no qhov teeb meem haum rau cov loj ob tog tag nrho cov kev cai ntawm cov xyoo. Tab sis tom qab txoj kev tuag ntawm Algirdas hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub nqi zog dhau mus rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm Jagiello. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm Krevsk Union, nws yuav lub heiress ntawm lub tebchaws no, thiab los ua tus de facto kav ntawm ob lub loj heev av. Catholicism maj penetrated rau hauv tag nrho cov spheres ntawm lub teb chaws lub neej. Lub zog los ntawm tus hostile kev ntseeg ua rau nws tsis yooj yim sua rau lub union ntawm lub sab qaum teb-eastern pawg neeg thaj av nyob ib ncig ntawm Lithuania, Vilnius yog li ntawd tsis ua Moscow.

Muscovy

Ib qho ntawm ntau me me fortresses nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv haiv neeg daim ntau quav tso Dolgoruky Vladimir nqi zog, nyob rau hauv ib tug privileged txoj hauj lwm nyob rau kev tshuam ntawm cov lag luam tawm tseem khiav. Me Moscow hosted tub txawj tub ntse los ntawm sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob, twb nkag tau mus rau lub Volga thiab sab qaum teb shores. 14th xyoo pua coj Moscow ib tug ntau ntawm battles thiab kev puas tsuaj, tab sis tom qab txhua ntxeem tau ntawm lub nroog yuav tsum tau rebuilt. Moscow maj nrhiav nws tus kheej kav - tus tub huabtais - thiab ntse caum ib txoj cai uas txhawb nej lub neeg uas rau ntau yam concessions nrees khom nyob rau hauv lub tshiab ntau yam. Qhov expansion ntawm lub cheeb tsam pab ntxiv dag zog rau lub hwj chim thiab txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub nqi zog. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev txoj cai ntawm meej monarchy, thiab ua raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm succession. Lub hwj chim ntawm tus hlob tus tub yog tsis contested, thiab muaj zoo thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws tej thaj av uas cov nqi zog nyob rau hauv nws xwb. Moscow tus credibility ho nce ntxiv tom qab Principality kov yeej Mamai nyob rau hauv 1380 - ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb yeej hais tias yog tau los ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub 14th caug xyoo. Keeb kwm tau pab Moscow sawv thiab dua nws nyob mus ib txhis rival - Tinpelias. Tom qab lwm Mongol ntxeem tau ntawm lub nroog yog tsis muaj peev xwm rov qab los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv bankruptcy thiab los ua ib tug vassal ntawm Moscow.

strengthening ntawm statehood

Lub keeb kwm ntawm Russia ntawm lub 14th xyoo pua maj txo nws hwj Moscow ntawm lub taub hau ntawm ib tug lub xeev. Tseem muaj zog kev tsim txom ntawm lub Horde, tsis tau muaj zog neeg pab leg ntaubntawv nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj lub tebchaws ntawm sab qaum teb thiab Western cov neeg nyob ze. Tab sis tua cov thawj pob zeb Orthodox churches nyob rau hauv Moscow, nws tau nce lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, uas yog xav xav nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm ib tug tib xeev. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub 14th pua yog ib tug milestone rau ob tug poj victories. Lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikov teb pom tias cov Golden Horde, koj yuav tsav tsheb tawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws. Qhov ntev tsov rog nrog cov neeg pej xeem Duchy ntawm Lithuania twb nrog lub yeej ntawm lub Lithuanians, thiab Vilnius mus ib txhis uas tau npaj siab rau colonize rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob. Yog li ntawd Moscow tau ua thawj kauj ruam ntawm lub tsev lag luam ntawm nws statehood.