Lub sib txawv evolutionary thiab revolutionary kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg? Lub tswvyim ntawm evolutionary thiab revolutionary kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg

Society yeej tsis sawv tseem. Yog li ntawd, sociologists los ntawm ntau eras thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm sim nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej txoj kev txhais cov kev cai raws li uas nws yog tsiv. Qhov no coj mus rau tsim ntawm ob ncov qaumteb qabteb ntsiab lus ntawm view: lub revolutionary thiab evolutionary txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg.

kev tshawb xav Spencer

British sociologist thiab philosopher Herbert Spencer tau kawm ntau yam ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv zej zog. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yog nws leej twg piav nyob rau hauv kom meej lub dab uas cuam tshuam rau evolutionary txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg. Nws lub ntsiab phau ntawv - "Basic Principles" - sau nyob rau hauv 1862. Nws Spencer koom phenomena xws li cov ntsiab cai uas tsis yog-cuam ntawm lub xeev thiab evolutionism. Tsaug rau cov neeg sau ntawm nws lub contemporaries tau kawm ntau yam txog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm.

Generalizing sau Spencer, ib tug yuav hais tias, dua li txawv evolutionary thiab revolutionary kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg. Tus thawj degree ntawm tsoom fwv cuam nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub neej. Yog hais tias nws yog tsawg heev, muaj ib tug txheej txheem ntawm ntau yam. Qhov no disintegration ntawm ib tug complex system mus rau hauv ntau me me uas sawv daws yuav. Tshiab daim yog cais zog los ntawm nws cov predecessors, uas lawv tau ko zoo tshaj plaws. Yog li ntawd cov haiv neeg yog maj thiab peacefully evolves, tag nrho cov zoo siv rau nws tus kheej cov kev pab.

differentiating nta

Tus txheej txheem ntawm ntau yam tej zaum yuav raug nyob rau hauv ntev txuam nrog ntawm inconsistencies ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm cov haiv neeg. Qhov no yuav ua tau kom lub disintegration ntawm lub system. Tej evils opposed to kev koom ua ke, nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg.

Nws yog nthuav tias Spencer yeej Darwin lub kev tshawb xav kwv yees. Nws twb formulated los ntawm lus Askiv paub txog ib tug ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawv ntawm "Basic Principles". Spencer kuj ntseeg tias kev evolution yog ib feem ntawm lub zuag qhia tag nrho universal evolution. Nws kuj piav lub ntsiab cai tseem ceeb ntawm lub keeb kwm txheej txheem uas txawv cov neeg uas muaj txhua tiam txoj kev hloov mus rau ib tug tshiab theem ntawm kev kawm, tso tshuaj survivals.

Lub sib txawv evolutionary thiab revolutionary kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg? Yog li ntawd seb nws tshwm sim peacefully los yog los ntawm cov tub rog txhais tau tias. Qhov no yog ib tug siv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ob paths. Nws muaj lwm yam ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Ib tug sau tseg Fabkis kawm Emil Dyurkgeym. Qhov no soj ntsuam, nrog rau Karlom Marksom, Maksom Veberom, thiab Auguste Comte, suav hais tias yog godfather ntawm niaj hnub social science.

Durkheim lub kev tshawb xav

Durkheim ntseeg hais tias cov evolutionary txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg, raws li txwv mus revolutionary, ua rau ib tug gradual ntuj division of labor. Piv txwv li, txij li thaum tseem me me ntawm capitalism nyob rau hauv Western teb chaws Europe. Hais tias yog dab tsi distinguishes lub evolutionary thiab revolutionary kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg.

Raws li Durkheim, muaj ob hom ntawm pab kiag li lawm haiv neeg. Tej yam yooj yim cov haiv neeg faib mus rau hauv sib npaug zos theem, uas yog zoo ib yam li txhua lwm yam. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, muaj muaj txoj societies nrog ib tug meej thiab multilateral system ntawm nws tus kheej ntaus ntawv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv txhua tus nws muaj nws tus kheej me me ib feem ntawm hais tias yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau yam. Qhov txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv - yog ib yam dab tsi txawv evolutionary thiab revolutionary kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg. Yog hais tias kev kawm tsis ceev kev hloov.

Emil Dyurkgeym kuj qhia ob peb kauj ruam uas nrog tus complexity ntawm lub neej, yog hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv evolutionary txoj kev ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. Ua ntej, qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov pejxeem tsub kom. Qhov no ua rau lub fact tias ua kom muaj nuj nqis thiab zoo tshaj ntawm kev sib raug zoo kev sib raug zoo. Tom ntej no pib cov txheej txheem ntawm kev faib ntawm zog, uas stabilizes lub contradictions ntawm qhov sib txawv pawg.

German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies yog thawj tus paub txog uas kawm social kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm piv txwv. Nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Lub zej zog thiab lub zej zog," nws pom cov kev hloov ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees los ntawm cov tsoos txoj kev uas yuav niaj hnub sib raug zoo. Gradual - qhov no yog qhov txawv ntawm evolutionary thiab revolutionary kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg.

Marxism

Nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua feem ntau ntawm cov sociologists adhered Spencer views. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj kuj yog qhov opposite taw tes ntawm view. Nws founders pib Karl Marx thiab Friedrich Engels. Cov ob German zaum tau ua pab ntawm lub kiv puag ncig raws li cov tshuaj ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm qhov sib txawv theem ntawm cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv capitalism. Marx yog tus sau ntawm "Capital". Siv ua hauj lwm nws thiaj li nyob Vajtswv rau ntau yam kev nom kev tswv taw ntawm sab laug tis.

Cov tshwm sim ntawm lub revolutions

Evolutionary thiab revolutionary kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg pom zoo rau txhua lwm yam, vim hais tias lawv hais txawv txoj kev ntawm kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv lub XIX thiab XX xyoo pua, muaj ob peb loj armed ua, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov uas yog tus es rov ntawm cov haiv neeg. Ib txhia ntawm lawv twb muaj kev vam meej thiab coj mus rau lub poob ntawm uas twb muaj lawm thiaj.

Muaj ntau yam kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg (evolutionary thiab revolutionary) kuj txawv thiab lub txim. Gradual kev kawm muaj kuj maj mam daws cov contradictions uas tshwm sim ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo cov chav kawm ntawv. Cov kiv puag ncig ua rau xav tias tsam lawv thiab instant rhuav tus tsim kev cai. Thaum xub thawj, cov dab neeg muaj xwb nyob rau cov nplooj ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv, tab sis cov txheej xwm tom qab lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog kuv tau ua lawv lub tiag tiag ntshav thiab tsis hlub leejtwg li.

haiv neeg txoj kev loj hlob theem

Cov niaj hnub tswvyim ntawm evolutionary thiab revolutionary kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg tsim maj. Txhua tiam tshiab ntawm zaum yog ua ib yam dab tsi tshiab nyob rau hauv cov theories. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub XX xyoo pua American Uolt Uitmen Rostow npaj ib tug tshiab lub sij hawm "theem ntawm kev loj hlob." Muaj tsib. Txhua yam ntawm lawv yus ib tug tej theem ntawm kev sib raug zoo kev kawm.

Thawj kauj ruam yog ib tug tsoos zej zog. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb. Qhov no yog ib tug heev inert lub xeev uas yog ib qhov nyuaj hloov. Los ntawm no taw tes pib lub evolutionary thiab revolutionary kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg. Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj haiv neeg zoo kawg thiab, vim hais tias nws yog nyob rau ntawm no theem yog tawm tag nrho cov kev lis kev cai ntawm ib tug neeg.

Qhov thib ob theem yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm txoj kev hloov. Rau ntawm no theem lub tuam txhab accumulates txaus pab rau pib txoj kev loj hlob. Muaj yog ib tug loj hlob npaum li cas ntawm capital peev. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub xeev ua lub central (feudalism tshaj plaws ntawm yav dhau los).

Nyob rau hauv lub thib peb theem pib lub kiv puag ncig industrial, uas yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau ntau hom kev lag luam. Hloov lawm txoj kev, uas tsub kom nws ua hauj lwm zoo.

muaj cov haiv neeg

Nyob rau hauv lub plaub theem muaj yam yuavtsum tau rau cov emergence ntawm muaj haiv neeg, uas yog thaum kawg tsim nyob rau hauv lub dhau theem ntawm evolutionary txoj kev loj hlob. Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm advanced thiab complex system ntawm kev faib ntawm zog nyob rau hauv uas txhua tus kheej ua hauj lwm rau raws li kev kawm ntawv thiab kev txawj ntse.

Tus muaj zog ntau lawm yuav ua rau nws tau muab ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov khoom rau kev ua lag luam. Qhov no pab cov muaj lub neej zoo ntawm cov neeg. Qhuav modernized nrog kev pab los ntawm automation thiab mechanization. Xws li ib tug txheej txheem yog ua kom tiav scientific thiab hauj kiv puag ncig. Muaj niaj hnub tshaj kev sib txuas lus tshuab (tsheb thiab thiaj li nyob. D.). Cov neeg ua ntau mobile, thiab lub nroog yog urbanization theem, thaum muaj lub newest infrastructure rau ib tug nyiam thiab yooj yim lub neej.

post-industrial cov haiv neeg

Lub tswv yim ntawm cov muaj haiv neeg uas tau arisen raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm evolutionary txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg, yog heev nrov nyob rau hauv lub XX caug xyoo. Tab sis nws tsis ua zaum kawg. Ib txhia sociologists (Zbignev Bzhezinsky, Alvin Toffler) npaj lub tswvyim ntawm post-industrial zej zog, uas sib raug rau hnub no txoj kev lub ntiaj teb no kev khwv nyiaj txiag.