Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tib neeg cov ntshav thiab cov ntshav muaj nuj nqi

No lub ntsiab, zoo li cov ntshav thiab cov ntshav muaj nuj nqi, kom meej meej deserves xim raws li ib tug ntawm cov me nyuam yaus qhia rau tag nrho cov lag luam los ntawm tag nrho cov tib neeg lub cev. Nkag siab txog cov nqi ntawm cov ntshav ndlwg tseem ceeb vim hais tias ntawm nws cov yam teeb meem loj rau tag nrho cov tseem ceeb dab nyob rau hauv lub cev.

Yuav ua li cas yog ntshav

Los ntawm cov ntshav ntawm cov kua yuav tsum to taub lub hauv ib puag ncig, uas muab ib qhov tseem ceeb biochemical thiab physiological tsis, thaum txhawb humoral txuas ntawm lub cev. Los ntawm kev kawm cov ntshav, nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev khiav dej num, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog lub essence ntawm ob yooj yim cov nqe lus:

- peripheral ntshav (nws muaj ntshav);

- txoj kev hais (nyob hauv cov ntshav nyob rau hauv ncua kev kawm ntawv).

Ntshav kuj yuav txhais tau hais tias ib daim ntawv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg, yus muaj los ntawm ntau yam: nws constituent qhov chaw muaj ntau lub hauv paus pib, qhov no lub cev kua yog nyob rau hauv qhov suab, tag nrho cov ntsiab ntawm cov ntshav yog tsim thiab puas sab nraum ntawm cov ntshav khiav.

Nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus: "cov ntshav system, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev khiav dej num" nws muaj nqis ntsoov teev hais tias mus rau qhov no system xws li hematopoietic nruab nrog cev thiab kroverazrusheniya (daim siab, cov pob txha hlwb, cov qog ntshav hauv, tus po), thiab peripheral cov ntshav.

ntshav muaj pes tsawg leeg

Feem ntau cov ntshav ib nrab - 60% - ntawm cov ntshav, thiab tsuas yog 40% lawm ua tus sau nrog xws li hais raws li erythrocytes, leukocytes thiab platelets. Khov tuab kua (ntshav) muaj yam tshuaj uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau sia. Lawv tsiv mus nyob rau ntaub so ntswg thiab kabmob, kev muab cov kev kawm tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab ib tug tag nrho cov kev ua si ntawm tag nrho lub paj hlwb. Ua los ntawm cov qog ntawm Internal secretion ntawm cov tshuaj hormones tau mus rau hauv cov ntshav thiab ces kis tau thoob plaws hauv lub cev cov ntshav khiav. Tshuaj - enzymes uas tiv thaiv lub cev tiv thaiv ntau hom ntawm ntshai heev txawm - yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntshav.

erythrocytes

Xav cov qauv thiab cov yooj yim zog ntawm cov ntshav, nws yog tsim nyog them sai sai mus cov ntshav liab. Qhov no cov ntshav liab, uas txiav txim cov xim ntawm cov ntshav. Nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv, cov ntshav liab ntawm tes yog heev uas zoo sib xws mus rau ib tug nyias daim ntaub, lub pores uas yog hemoglobin. Nyob rau nruab nrab, txhua muaj peev xwm nqa 267 erythrocyte hemoglobin millionov hais "nqos" cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab cov pa nkag mus rau lawv mus rau hauv lub mix.

Mus sib sib zog nqus rau hauv lub kawm: "Qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov ntshav: liab hlwb," nws yuav tsum tau to taub hais tias tus hais muaj peev xwm zam ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm hemoglobin vim muaj ib tug nuclear-free qauv. Nrog hais txog qhov loj ntawm lub erythrocyte, ces lawv mus txog 8 micrometres nyob rau hauv ntev thiab 3 micrometers nyob rau hauv dav. Tus nab npawb ntawm cov ntshav liab tsis muaj exaggeration enormous: txhua txhua ob nyob rau hauv cov pob txha hlwb pob txha tsim ntau tshaj 2 lab ntawm cov hais, lawv tag nrho loj nyob rau hauv lub cev yog hais txog 26 trillion.

leukocytes

Cov ntsiab yog tseem ceeb heev Cheebtsam ntawm cov ntshav. Dawb ntshav hu ua ntshav dawb hlwb, uas tej zaum yuav txawv me me. Lawv yog cov puag ncig lub tsis ncaj ncees lawm daim ntawv no. Vim hais tias cov ntshav dawb - ib tug particle muaj cov tub ntxhais, lawv yuav tau tsiv mus nyob ntawm nws tus kheej. Lawv yog cov ntau me tshaj cov ntshav liab, ntshav dawb, tiam sis yog kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub cev kev tiv thaiv muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob. Ntshav muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov ntshav yuav ua tsis tau tiav tsis muaj cov qe ntshav dawb.

Leukocytes muaj tshwj xeeb enzymes uas yog tau khi thiab muab siab npuab decomposition khoom thiab txawv teb chaws protein tshuaj, thiab kuj nqus teeb meem microorganisms. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tej yam ntaub ntawv ntawm leucocytes yuav ua tau ib tug antibody - protein hais muaj ib qhov tseem ceeb functions: defeat txhua txawv teb chaws tus kab mob no ntes tau nyob rau hauv cov ntshav, qog ua kua week thiab lwm yam ntaub so ntswg los yog kabmob.

platelets

Cov platelets yog tsiv nyob ze sib thooj mus rau lub ntsha. Lawv lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi - vascular rov qab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev puas tsuaj. Yog hais tias koj siv kho mob terminology, peb yuav hais tias cov platelets yog kev koom tes nyob rau hauv muab hemostasis (ntshav). Ib nyhav millimeter ntawm ib tug nruab nrab ntawm 500 txhiab. Cov hais. Platelets nyob rau tsawg seem ntshav ntsiab - los ntawm 4 mus rau 7 hnub.

Lawv tsiv mus nyob dawb do nrog cov ntshav txaus thiab muab khaws cia tseg xwb nyob rau hauv cov chaw uas cov ndlwg ntawm cov ntshav mus rau hauv ib ntsiag to hauv lub xeev (po, daim siab, subcutaneous cov ntaub so ntswg). Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm ua kom cov qe ua ntshav khov ua ib tug kheej kheej zoo lawm, nyob rau tsim pseudopodia (tshwj xeeb outgrowths). Nws yog los ntawm cov pseudopodia ntshav ntsiab muaj peev xwm txuas nrog txhua lwm yam thiab tsau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw puas txog ntsha phab ntsa.

Ntshav muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov ntshav yuav tsum tau raug xam tias tsuas yog nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm platelets.

lymphocytes

Qhov no lub sij hawm yog hais txog me me mononuclear hlwb. Lymphocytes nyob rau hauv feem ntau muaj ib tug loj mus txog rau 10 microns. Lub nuclei ntawm cov hlwb yog cov puag ncig thiab tuab cytoplasm thiab muaj zoo nplej thiab yog xim xiavlus xim. Ib tug ces dag txoj kev tshawb no ntawm nws yuav pom tias txhua lub hlwb muaj tib lub daim ntawv. Qhov no tsis hloov li nram qab no qhov tseeb - lawv txawv nyob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub cell daim nyias nyias thiab nws cov kev khiav dej num.

Cov mononuclear ntshav ntsiab yog muab faib mus rau hauv peb lub ntsiab pawg: 0-hlwb, B-hlwb thiab T-hlwb. Lub lymphocyte muaj nuj nqi yog mus ua hauj lwm raws li precursors ntawm hlwb uas tsim antibody. Nyob rau hauv lem, lub T-hlwb muab cov transformation ntawm B leukocytes. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias T-hlwb - ib lub pab pawg neeg ntawm tsis muaj zog lub hlwb, uas ua ob peb yam tseem ceeb functions. Piv txwv li, lawv koom tes yog ib tug txheej txheem ntawm synthesizing macrophage kom yam, thiab kev loj hlob yam tseem ceeb, interferons, raws li zoo raws li B hlwb. Yuav ua tau raug rho tawm thiab inductor T hlwb uas koom nyob rau hauv lub stimulation ntawm antibody tsim. Nyob rau hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm cov nyhuv ntawm ntau pawg ntawm lymphocytes kom meej meej qhia tau hais tias cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov ntshav.

Raws li rau lub 0-hlwb, lawv yog ho sib txawv los ntawm lwm tus, vim hais tias lawv muaj tsis muaj nto antigens. Ib txhia ntawm cov ntshav ua raws li "natural killer" los ntawm kev rhuav tseg cov hlwb uas muaj cov qauv ntawm cov mob los yog kis tus kab mob los ntawm ib tug kab mob no.

ntshav ntshav

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov dej (90-90%) thiab cov ntshav ntshav nkag mus rau khib nyiab :. nqaijrog, Sibhawm, qabzib, ntau yam ntsev, metabolites, vitamins, cov tshuaj hormones, etc. Ib qhov tseem ceeb thaj chaw ntawm ib tug ntshav osmotic siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntshav yog cov as-ham, ntshav hlwb thiab metabolic khoom. Los ntawm kev kawm cov qauv thiab cov kev ua ntawm cov ntshav ntshav, nws yuav pom tias nws ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib qhov txuas ntawm cov kua uas yog nyob sab nraum ntawm cov hlab ntsha.

Ntshav yog mus tas li nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog ob lub raum, lub siab thiab lwm yam kabmob, li no tswj homeostasis - constancy ntawm lub sab hauv ib puag ncig.

Physico-tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov ntshav

Kawm ib lub ntsiab lus xws li muaj pes tsawg leeg, lub zog thiab zog ntawm cov ntshav, nws yog tsim nyog them sai sai rau tej lus tseeb. Cov ntshav ntim rau hauv neeg laus tib neeg nyob rau nruab nrab sib npaug zos rau 6-8% ntawm nws lub cev muaj ceeb thawj. Nyob rau hauv cov txiv neej, qhov no daim duab nce mus txog 5-6 litres, cov poj niam - los ntawm 4 mus rau 5. Nws yog tus nqi ntawm cov ntshav txhua txhua hnub kis tau los ntawm lub plawv los ntawm ib txhiab lub sij hawm .. Nws yog ib nqi paub hais tias cov ntshav tsis txhob sau rau vascular system kiag li, npaum li cas ntawm nws tseem free. Cov kev ceev ntawm cov ntshav nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm erythrocytes thiab nws yog hais txog 1,050-1,060 g / cm ^3. Lub viscosity nce mus txog 5 arbitrary units.

Lub active tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov ntshav los tus piv ntawm hydroxyl thiab hydrogen ions. Nws txhais cov kev ua ntawm xws pH, raws li cov pH (hydrogen ion concentration). Cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov ntshav pH, uas lub cev muaj peev xwm ua nws txawv nyob rau hauv ntau 7.0-7.8. Yog hais tias active ntshav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog txav mus rau acid sab, xws li ib tug lub xeev tej zaum yuav muab txhais li acidosis. Nws txoj kev loj hlob yog vim muaj zog theem ntawm hydrogen ions. Yog hais tias qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog txav mus rau alkaline sab, nws yuav ua rau kev txiav txim zoo los tham txog alkalosis. Qhov kev hloov no nyob rau hauv pH yog ib lub txim ntawm kev txo lub concentration ntawm hydrogen ions, thiab ua lub concentration ntawm hydroxyl ions OH.

Thauj muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov ntshav

Qhov no yog ib qhov tseem ceeb paub tab ua los ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Los ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm thauj qhov sib txawv hais yuav muaj xws li cov nram qab no functions:

- trophic-hloov lwm lub tsev rau tag nrho cov qhov chaw hauv lub cev ntawm cov as-ham, ib txoj lw ntsiab thiab vitamins;

- ntxawg: kev thauj mus los ntawm cov tshuaj hormones thiab rau lwm yam tshuaj uas nkag rau hauv lub cev humoral cai system;

- ua pa: pa gases thauj O2 thiab CO2 los ntawm lub ntsws rau cov ntaub so ntswg thiab nyob rau hauv kev coj rov qab;

- thermoregulatory: tshem tshaj thaum tshav kub kub ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab sab hauv nruab nrog cev rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij;

- excretory: metabolic khoom uas thauj mus rau lub nruab nrog cev ntawm feem.

hemostasis

Lub essence ntawm cov nuj nqi thiaj li yog cov nram no cov txheej txheem: nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nruab nrab los yog zoo puas ntawm cov hlab ntsha (los yog cov notch thaum squeezed ntaub so ntswg) thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm sab nraud los yog sab hauv los ntshav nyob rau hauv situ kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov hlab yog tsim ntshav los khov rau ntawd. Nws yog nws leej twg tiv thaiv tseem ceeb ntshav poob. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm redundant paj impulses thiab tshuaj lumen ntawm cov hlab yog txo. Yog hais tias nws thiaj li tshwm sim hais tias tus endothelial hauv ob sab phlu ntawm txog hlab ntsha tau raug puas hauv qab endothelium yog raug collagen. Nws sai sai lo rau lub platelets, uas circulate nyob rau hauv cov ntshav.

Homeostatic thiab kev tiv thaiv kev khiav dej num

Los ntawm kev kawm cov ntshav, nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab muaj nuj nqi, them mloog rau tus txheej txheem ntawm homeostasis. Lub essence ntawm nws yog txo mus rau khaws cia dej-ntsev tshuav nyiaj li cas thiab ion (a consequence of osmotic siab), thiab kev tswj cov pH ntawm lub sab hauv ib puag ncig.

Nrog kev xav txog cov kev tiv thaiv nuj nqi, nws essence yog los tiv thaiv tus kab mob los ntawm lub cev antibodies, phagocytic kev ua ntawm leukocytes thiab antibacterial tshuaj.

ntshav system

Los ntawm lub circulatory system muaj xws li lub plawv thiab cov hlab ntsha: cov ntshav thiab cov qog. Tus yuam sij ua hauj lwm ntawm cov ntshav system - yog raws sij hawm thiab ua kom tiav mov hauv nruab nrog cev thiab cov nqaij mos ntawm tag nrho cov tsim nyog hais rau lub neej. zog ntawm cov ntshav los ntawm vascular system yog muab los ntawm lub plawv siv kev ua si. Delving rau hauv lub npe: "Tus nqi ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov ntshav" yog tsim nyog los txhais tau lub fact tias cov ntshav ncaj qha nws tus kheej txav tsis tu ncua los ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab yog li ntawd muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm txhawb tag nrho cov tseem ceeb heev functions, uas tau sib tham saum toj no (thauj, kev tiv thaiv, thiab lwm yam ..).

Ib tug tseem ceeb lub cev nyob rau hauv cov ntshav system yog lub plawv. Nws muaj ib tug qauv ntawm hollow npag hloov khoom nruab nrog thiab los ntawm cov ntsug khoom phab ntsa yog muab faib ua sab laug thiab txoj cai halves. Yog lwm muab faib - lub kab rov tav. Nws ua hauj lwm yog txo mus rau sab sauv chamber (atria) ntawm lub plawv lub division los ntawm 2 thiab 2 sab (ventricles).

Los ntawm kev kawm cov qauv thiab cov kev ua ntawm tib neeg cov ntshav, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev voj voog. Nyob rau hauv cov ntshav system, muaj ob tsheb vajvoog, loj thiab me me. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov ntshav hauv lub cev txav nyob rau hauv ob kaw txog ntsha systems uas muaj kev cob cog rau ntawm lub plawv.

Raws li ib tug starting taw tes rau ntawm ib tug zoo kawg vajvoog sawv aorta extending los ntawm sab laug ventricle. Hais tias nws muab sawv mus rau me me, medium thiab loj loj cov hlab ntsha. Lawv (cov hlab ntsha), nyob rau hauv lem, ceg mus rau hauv arterioles, cov hlab ntsha xaus. Ncaj qha mus rau cov hlab ntsha lawv tus kheej tsim ib tug loj heev network uas permeates tag nrho cov ntaub so ntswg thiab kabmob. Nws yog nyob rau hauv no network tshwm sim rov qab as-ham thiab oxygen mus rau lub hlwb, raws li zoo raws li tus txheej txheem ntawm cov metabolic khoom (carbon dioxide zoo li).

Los ntawm cov qis ib feem ntawm lub cev cov ntshav nkag mus rau hauv tsis tau zoo vena cava, los ntawm cov saum toj kawg nkaus, ntsig txog, nyob rau hauv lub saum toj. Cov ob vena cava thiab ua kom tiav mauj kev, tau txais mus rau hauv txoj cai atrium.

Xa mus rau cov pulmonary kev, nws yog tsim nyog sau cia hais tias nws pib lub pulmonary lub cev, extending los ntawm txoj cai ventricle mus rau lub ntsws thiab nqa venous ntshav. Sam pulmonary lub cev faib tau ua ob ceg uas mus rau sab xis thiab sab laug ntsws. Lub pulmonary hlab ntsha raug muab faib mus rau hauv me me arterioles thiab cov hlab ntsha, venules dua tom qab txoj kev cov hlab ntsha. Ib tug tseem ceeb kev sib tw ntawm cov pulmonary kev yog los xyuas kom meej lwm gas muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv lub ntsws.

Kawm nyob tus yeees ntawm cov ntshav thiab cov ntshav muaj nuj nqi, nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus xaus hais tias nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov nqaij mos thiab hauv nruab nrog cev. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug loj heev cov ntshav poob los yog tsis hnov ntshav khiav muaj ib tug tiag tiag kev hem thawj rau tib neeg lub neej.