Ottomans. Dynasty Turkish sultans

Rau tag nrho cov muaj ntau ntau pua xyoo, thaum lub sij hawm uas lub sij hawm tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm peb lub teb chaws kev sib raug zoo nrog cov pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv dab tsi yog tam sim no qaib ntxhw, twb strained. Lub muaj zog tw twb yeej ib txwm Ottomans, ib tug dynasty, txojcai, lub Ottoman Empire rau ntau xyoo.

Qhov twg lawv tuaj los ntawm?

Txawm nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub thawj Millennium AD, thaum lub sij hawm pib ntawm lub Great tsiv teb tsaws, nyob rau hauv Asia muaj hnub nyoog yog thawj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Turkic-hais lus pab pawg neeg. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Byzantine lub hwj chim thiab lub zog, thaum lub hauv paus tseem fwv yog tseem muaj zog, lawv ntse assimilated thiab me ntsis cawv rau cov keeb kwm ntawm lub cheeb tsam no yog tsis muab. Qhov no mus nyob rau yuav luag ib txhiab xyoo. Los ntawm lub sij hawm lub Byzantine Empire yog nyuam qhuav tau mas rau qhov tawm tsam ntawm lub koom pheej, thiab yog li ntawd yuav tsis zoo thaum nws cov me nyuam ntawm sab nraum intrusion.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub Seljuks txav lawv capital rau sab hauv ntawm Anatolia, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub tam sim ntawd cheeb tsam ntawm lub Byzantine pawg neeg thaj av. Arrivals los ntawm cov Oghuz Turks, Greeks, Armenians thiab Pawxia nyob rau hauv cov nram no xyoo pib lub tsim ntawm lub Turks, uas peb paub niaj hnub no. Tab sis tus txheej txheem no yog heev lub sij hawm-siv thiab tsis yooj yim, raws li nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw ntawm cov laus lub tsev mus rau ntau haiv neeg, muaj ntau leej twg muaj cov ntseeg Vajtswv.

Turks - tsis Turks

Txawm cov tsos ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm Turks uas twb professed Islam, fundamentally qhov teeb meem no tsis tau hloov. Ironically, tab sis ntau pua xyoo cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ob tug kev ntseeg peacefully coexist nrog txhua lwm yam, txawm lub fact tias nws yog tus Turks nyob senior txoj haujlwm nyob rau hauv tsoom fwv.

Thiab vim hais tias "lub Turks", uas tom qab muab rau hauv ib tug Turk, tej zaum yuav ua tau ib tug stretch hu rau ib tug "tub ntxhais" ntawm cov haiv neeg, thaum tag nrho cov so ntawm cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv no haiv neeg Ameslikas muaj tsis muaj dab tsi ua li cas. Txij li thaum tag nrho cov yog cov Ottomans, ib tug dynasty uas ces kav rau ob peb centuries?

Kev Kawm Ntawv Ottoman Sultanate

Cov sib tov Islam thiab cov tshuaj pab pawg neeg qauv Turks lawv tus kheej tau predetermined yam ntxwv yog sau ua ke Sultanate. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim - ib tug tsis muaj zog center, ntawm lwm yam uas tsis tau tsuas yog tus uas kav lub tab sis kuj lub bureaucratic apparatus. Nyob rau hauv nws, los ntawm txoj kev, ua si ib tug luag hauj lwm loj tsis Turks, tab sis tag nrho cov tib lub Greeks thiab Armenians. Outlying moo raug tswj hwm los ntawm ib tug "vassal lub koom haum", ib tug luag hauj lwm uas ua si influential BEY. Raws li, qhov "District" raug hu ua beylik. Ib tug thiab sab laug lub Ottomans. Lawv dynasty pib nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb visionary kav.

Mus txog tsis zoo, qhov teeb meem no yuav tsis tiav. Thaum kawg, nws yog BEY pib kav rau lub teb chaws, noj kom zoo dua ntawm ib tug uas nws kim heev network ntawm nws cov txheeb ze ntawm lub tsev hais plaub. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th lub keeb kwm ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv nyob rau hauv kev twb yuav luag tshaj: thawj ntxeev siab Shiite sectarians, thiab ces muaj ib qhov ntxeem tau ntawm lub Mongols. Sultan tuag. Beylik kuj nyob rau hauv kev nyuaj siab, ... Tshwj tias tau koom Osman Bey.

Nyob rau hauv 1299, nws tau los ua tus kav nws tus kheej lub xeev, vim hais tias mus raws li nws, thiab loj, nws yog tsis muaj ib tug. Nws yog nws leej twg yog tus keeb kwm daim duab, los ntawm uas mus tag nrho hauv lub tom ntej Ottoman sultans.

Assimilation Byzantine xeev

Osman yog heev muaj hmoo: promongolskogo State chaw yog nyob deb deb, tab sis ib tug tsis muaj zog thiab decrepit Byzantium - ze. Nws maj mam pib muab nws mus rau lub xeev ntawm lub teb chaws, dua yuav tawm ib feem ntawm cov nyiaj nyiag los ntawm Mongol tub txib. Bey sharper successors yog ntxiv ib tug muaj kev vam meej txoj cai: ua ntej, lawv thaum kawg "rub" rau lawv tus kheej tag nrho cov teb chaws Asia muaj hnub nyoog, thiab ces los thiab mus rau lub Balkans.

Nyob rau hauv 1396, lub Turks twb tau mus ua txhaum lub koom pab tub rog ntawm lub Crusaders, thiab nyob rau hauv 1400 txawm mus mus tua Constantinople. Thaum xub thawj lawv tsis tau zoo, tab sis tseem cov qub Byzantine hnub twb thaum kawg suav. Nyob rau hauv 1453 Constantinople, qhov thib ob los yog cuaj kaum coj, thiab tag nrho cov chaw uas zoo heev, nrog rau lub Balkans, thaum kawg tuaj nyob rau hauv Ottoman txoj cai.

Txoj kev mus rau lub East

Nyob rau hauv 1475 Krymskoe Hanstvo kuj thov vassal ntawm lub Ottoman Empire. Tom qab hais tias, cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws luam kev nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov Turks, yam uas lawv yuav tsis coj kom zoo dua. Nyob rau hauv 1514, lub ntxiv dag zog rau tim teb chaws Ottoman muaj kev tswj kom defeat cov tub rog ntawm Safavid Iran. Tom qab hais tias, lub teb chaws tau txais dawb nkag tau mus rau lub as East thiab, ceeb tshaj, dramatically increments tus kheej lub teb chaws. Twb tau nyob rau 1516 cov Turks kiag li nyob rau tag nrho cov ntawm Syria thiab rhuav ntxiv. Ottoman sultans "ib tug nees" nyob rau hauv lub literal thiab figurative siab.

Cia li ib xyoos tom qab lawv twb invaded tim lyiv teb chaws, dua kiag li abolishing lub hwj chim ntawm caliphs. Cov yav tas tau muab tawm zoo li ntawd hais tias cov Turkish sultan los ua yuav luag cov nom successor mus kawg Caliph, uas tso cai rau mus kiag li tsis txhob muaj cov kev tsis pom nrias nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem no, lub hwj chim tawm tsam thiab kev tsov kev rog. Nyob rau hauv hauv paus ntsiab lus, txawm nyob rau hauv tsis Sultan yuav tseem loj hlob cus plaws tau txais "electorate", raws li nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tsis ntev los no xyoo, lub Ottoman Empire loj hlob sai heev loj hlob nplua nuj, tuam haujlwm txais cov zoo nrog lub conquered haiv neeg, thiab yog li ntawd kam mus pab mus koom cov pab pawg neeg uas ploj lawm.

Huam yuaj yog suav tias yog tsis yooj yim, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug ob peb xyoos ib tug me me Beysky xeev tau muaj peev xwm los ua pov thawj rau hauv lub hav zoov ntawm ntse rulers, mus xyaum ua ib tus neeg sab nraud thiab suab cai. Nws yog tus Ottomans, ib tug dynasty uas tau tiav koj ua tau zoo, Qaib ntxhw tsa nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm nws greatness. Yav tas los Turkish donned txhab thiab muaj zog ces pib los sawv cev rau los ntawm ib tug loj heev kev hem thawj rau lub tag nrho ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov Turks sab laug lub ntiaj teb no tshaj kab lis kev cai, muaj ntau lub nrws ntawm uas hnub no yog qhov kev txaus siab ntawm lub tsev khaws nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Tab sis leej twg yog tus Ottoman sultans? Daim ntawv teev cov rulers nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm no kiag li lawv daim ntawv teev yuav tsis muab (nws yog ib yam nkaus thiab loj loj), tab sis lub tswv yim yooj yim uas muab rau lawv.

Qhov loj tshaj Ottoman sultans

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, peb yuav tsis nyob rau hauv lub cwm pwm Osman kuv Gazi. Nws yog tus uas kav lub ib tug me me lub xeev ntawm lub Turkish Sultanate, kom sawv tom qab li tus uas kav ntawm ib tug neeg sab nraud lub xeev. Leej twg yog nws, tus txiv neej no?

Yug nyob rau hauv 1258, nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1324 (raws li keeb kwm). Nws contemporaries xam tau tias yog nws ib tug "siab tawv thiab muaj zog-willed neeg" muaj "ua loj leeb, tab sis zoo ntawm kev ncaj ncees." Kuv yog nyob rau hauv lub zwm txwv los ntawm 1281. Nws raug faus nyob rau hauv Bursa, nws qhov ntxa los ua ib tug qhov chaw ntawm pilgrimage rau tag nrho cov neeg ncaj ncees Muslims uas lub sij hawm. Tag nrho cov Turkish rulers, pib nyob rau hauv txoj cai tsoom fwv, Huab Tais Ntuj hais lus ntawm cov lus cog tseg ... hais tias yog khob qhov rooj tawm nyob rau hauv thawj qhov ntxa ntawm Osman, kuj ua ib qho epitaph. Yog li ntawd, lub Ottoman sultans nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim ...

Sultan Orhan

Xyoo ntawm lub neej - los ntawm 1281 mus 1360. Nws yog tus yau tshaj tus tub ntawm Osman. Tiav lub capture ntawm cov teb chaws Asia muaj hnub nyoog, tsim ib tug tsis tu ncua pab tub rog (cov Janissaries), cov thawj Ottoman rulers pib txhob txwm conquest ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Nws Orhan yog ib tug neeg uas yuam ua hauj lwm cov Turks tsim ntawm lawv haiv neeg.

Sultan Murad II

Cwm pwm yog tsis tsawg kaj tshaj nws illustrious predecessor. Nws nyob hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1403 los ntawm 1451. Yuav kom ntxiv dag zog rau lub xeev ntawm cov Ottomans, rigidly suppressed tag nrho cov sab hauv nyuaj siab ntxhov plawv thiab civil strife. Thaum lub sij hawm nws reign, Pope Eugene V hu ua rau tag nrho cov Christians rau cov tom ntej no kev sawv ntxeev. Lub absurdity ntawm qhov teeb meem no yog hais tias Murad tsis yog ib tug yeeb ncuab ntawm cov ntseeg nyob rau hauv nws lub teb chaws yuav nyob ua ke ob faiths, nws tus poj niam yog tus ntxhais ntawm lub Serbian huab tais, pub dawb rau muaj cov ntseeg Vajtswv.

Nws pom zoo rau cov unfavorable tej yam kev mob ntawm daim ntawv cog lus, uas yog npaj los ntawm lub Vatican. Crusaders kaw nws cog rau hauv lub Moo Zoo, thiab nws - nyob rau hauv lub Kaulees. Tab sis tsis ntev cov papal legate tsoo lawv lo lus. Muaj yog ib tug sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Varna. Lub Crusaders tau routed, thiab cov Turks tau ib tug tib neeg lam los rau thaj av ntawm Eastern Europe. Leej twg yog cov lwm yam Ottoman sultans, lub chronology ntawm lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib uas yog pom nyob rau hauv lub nplooj ntawv ntawm peb cov ntawv.

Sultan Suleiman kuv Kanuni

Lub npe ntawm tus neeg no yeej paub tias yuav leej twg uas xav nyob rau hauv lub TV series "Zoo kawg li pua". Nws nyob hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1495 mus 1566. Nws yog lub npe hu ua "tus", "zoo", "legislator." Tej zaum, nws yog qhov tseeb nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm thaum ntxov Ottomans, yeej tsim nyog ntawm ancestral hwjchim ci ntsa iab. Yog hais tias qaib ntxhw tiag tiag nws nyob nws ncov flowering, thiab thaum twg nws xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv tau pib lub cev qhuav dej thiab extinction ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman. Peb yuav hais tias qhov dynasty ntawm lub Ottomans thaum lub sij hawm Suleiman lub kawg li pib mus ploj mus, vim raws li ib tug tsim nyog xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv nws yog tsis mus tsa.

Nws txhab nws faj tim teb chaws thiaj li hais tias nws mus txog ntawm ntug lub Strait ntawm Gibraltar. Npau suav ntawm cov nram qab no nyob rau hauv lub footsteps ntawm Macedonia thiab sib sau ua ke rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tseem nyob rau hauv lub tis ntawm nws lub teb chaws, nws siv ib tug ntau ntawm kho, nyob twj ywm siv tau mus txog rau thaum lub xyoo pua 20th.

Keeb kwm tau tseem muab khaws cia tseg nws hlub rau hluas nkauj Roksolana, uas yuav ua ib qho teb nws tus poj niam. Qhov no yuav tsis tau txais lwm yam kev concubine nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los ob puas xyoo. Nyob rau hauv lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej nws tau coj ib phiaj los nqis tes tiv thaiv tsis tau Hungary, tab sis yeej tsis nyob. Nws txoj kev tuag twb zais kom txog rau thaum ces, kom txog thaum lub rooj huas tias yog tsis rov Sultan Selim. Nws yog tus tub ntawm Suleiman thiab Roxelana. Qaug cawv thiab ib tug weakling, nws pib lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman. Leej twg yog cov lwm yam Ottoman (Turkish sultans Dynasty)?

Sultan Murad IV

Lub neej Years - 1612-1640 gg. Cov kev cai rau 17 xyoo, "naas ej" raws li ib tug ntshav dictator. Tab sis yog nws cov tsoom fwv thiab zoo tau - hais tias Murad yog tau tag nrog ib tug vam lub cev qhuav dej ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov arbitrariness ntawm lub viziers. Tua cia li rau lub hom phiaj ntawm tua, nws muaj peev xwm rov qab mus rau lub tsev hais plaub ntawm kev ncaj ncees ... rov qab twb poob los ntawm lub sij hawm lub Erivan thiab Baghdad, tab sis txaus siab rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm yeej twb lig dhau lawm. Nws yog unusually meej pem, thiab txawm nws tus kheej-tseem ceeb heev tus neeg, tab sis nyob rau nws lub deathbed kom zawm nws tus tij laug Ibrahim. Qhov ntawd yog qhov kawg txais mus rau lub Ottomans nyob rau hauv cov txiv neej kab, tab sis ...

Nws tau txais kev cawmdim los ntawm nws niam. Ibrahim kav 1640-1648 xyoo. Ib tug tsis muaj zog kav, headstrong thiab tsis tshua muaj lustful txiv neej: ib tug niam yau rau nws ntes tau txawm nyob rau hauv nroog da. Feem ntau muab tawm zoo nkauj poj niam thiab cov ntxhais ntawm muaj koob cov pej xeem thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau palace yuav tsum tau siv ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas rau cov kev sib hais haum ntawm tus neeg mob ... Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, ntau dua cov txiv plig thiab cov janissaries tag nrho mess thaum kawg nkees, dhau lawm, "hlub" tus uas kav tsuas suffocated. Yuav ua li cas tau tus so ntawm lub Ottoman sultans, lub reign uas cim lub kawg sunset ntawm lub ib zaug zoo faj tim teb chaws?

Sultan Mahmoud II

Nws nyob hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1784 mus 1839. Ua Tsaug Kuv respected Petra Velikogo, thiab nws ua npau suav ntawm kab ib reformer zoo nkauj lwj thiab rickety Ottoman Empire. Tsim mail, them zoo mloog los typography, luam tawm ntawv xov xwm thiab tag reformed zoo tag nrho lub xeev apparatus. Tab sis tag nrho cov no yog ua lig dhau lawm: cov txheej txheem ntawm lub xeev disintegration tau unstoppable. Nws yog lub npe hu nyob rau hauv uas nug rau cov kev pab Nicholas kuv, thaum nws yog tsim nyog los suppress lub uprising nyob rau hauv Iyiv moo.

Nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog yog ntau sentiments ntawm Constantinople rov qab mus rau lub xubntiag ntawm lub Koom Txoos Orthodox, thiab "technically" ua rau nws tau. Tab sis Nicholas Kuv tsis xav mus lwj kev sib raug zoo nrog teb chaws Aas Kiv thiab Fabkis, thiab ib tug tsis muaj zog Qaib ntxhw twb ntau npaum li cas dej siab rau tim lyiv teb chaws lub dag zog. Mahmoud kuj nws tus kheej tsis nyob ntev rau ntawm lub 54th xyoo ntawm nws lub neej, nws tuag lawm, thiab tsis tawm hauv lub tom ntej no binge.

Nyob muaj nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm lub Ottomans? Dynasty nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, peb muaj peev xwm hais tias, tsis tau fwm. Ncaj tsis muaj qub txeeg qub teg, tsuas yog nyob deb xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv thiab cov teb chaws Europe.