Planetary qauv ntawm Rutherford, atom hauv Rutherford qauv

Discoveries nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm atomic qauv tau ua ib theem tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm physics. Ntawm qhov tseem ceeb yog tus qauv ntawm Rutherford. Atom raws li lub cev thiab cov khoom, nws lub Cheeb Tsam, tau kawm ntau yam thiab meej. Qhov no coj mus rau qhov kev tsim tau zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb xws li nuclear physics.

Ancient cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem

Qhov kev xav tias lub cev puag ncig muaj xws li cov lus me tshaj plaws, tau hais tawm hauv cov sijhawm thaum ub. Cov neeg xav ntawm lub sij hawm sawv cev lub atom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug me me thiab tsis tshua muaj kwv yees ntawm tej yam khoom. Lawv sib cav hais tias tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi me dua hauv lub ntiaj teb dua ib qho atom. Xws li tau pom los ntawm cov xib hwb qub Greek cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshawb fawb - Democritus, Lucretius, Epicurus. Cov kev xav ntawm cov neeg xav uas niaj hnub nim no tau koom siab nyob rau hauv lub npe "ancient atomism".

Medieval views

Cov sij hawm ntawm kev tsim pastiv tau dhau mus, thiab hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog muaj cov kws tshawb fawb tau qhia ntau yam kev xav txog cov qauv ntawm cov khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev ntseeg ntawm kev ntseeg kev xav thiab lub hwj chim ntawm pawg ntseeg nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub hauv paus tsis muaj kev sim thiab kev xav ntawm tib neeg lub siab rau materialistic scientific cov lus xaus thiab discoveries. Raws li koj paub, cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb thaum ub yog ua rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ntiaj teb tshawb fawb tsis txaus ntseeg heev. Nws tseem yog hais tias lub ces kaj siab tau los ntawm kev xav hauv lub tswv yim ntawm lub zej zog ntawm lub hauv paus.

Kev tshawb fawb ntawm 18th thiab 19th centuries

Lub xyoo pua paub tau cim los ntawm kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm tsev kawm ntawv theem pib. Lom zem ntau vim cov dag zog ntawm zaum xws li Antuan Lavuaze, Mikhail Lomonosov thiab Dzhon Dalton. Txawm tsis muaj leej twg, lawv tau ua kom pom tseeb tias cov atoms muaj nyob. Tab sis cov lus nug ntawm lawv cov qauv sab hauv tseem qhib. Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua paub yog cim los ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntiaj teb raws li cov kev tshawb pom los ntawm DI Mendeleev ntawm lub caij nyoog nruab nrab ntawm cov chemical tshuaj. Nws tau rais los ua qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd thiab qhib lub veil tshaj qhov kev nkag siab tias tag nrho cov atoms yog ntawm tib lub xwm, hais tias lawv muaj feem rau txhua lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm tus qauv ntawm lub cev yog lub pov thawj uas muaj hluav taws xob nyob hauv ib qho ntawm lawv. Cov hauj lwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub sij hawm no tau npaj cov av zoo rau cov discoveries ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.

Thomson cov kev sim

Hmong physicist John Thomson nyob rau hauv 1897 ua pov thawj tias qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov xaim hluav taws xob muaj xws li electrons nrog tus nqi tsis zoo. Nyob rau theem no, qhov kev xav tsis tseeb uas lub atom yog qhov txwv ntawm kev faib ntawm txhua yam khoom muaj raug pov tseg. Thomson tswj tau ua li cas los ua pov thawj txog lub neej ntawm electrons? Cov kws tshawb fawb hauv nws cov kev sim tau muab tso tawm electrodes hauv cov roj tsawg heev thiab tau tso cov hluav taws xob tam sim no. Yog li ntawd, cathode rays tau tshwm sim. Thomson ua tib zoo kawm lawv cov nta thiab pom tias lawv yog cov kwj ntawm cov nqi uas tau txav ntawm cov nqi zog. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau xam cov pawg ntawm cov khoom no thiab lawv cov nqi. Nws kuj pom tau hais tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem hloov dua siab tshiab rau cov tsis hais nruab nrab, vim hluav taws xob nqi yog lub hauv paus ntawm lawv qhov. Yog li ntawd yog cov electrons yog qhib. Thomson kuj yog tus creator ntawm tus thawj qauv ntawm lub tsev atomic qauv nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Raws li nws, ib qho me me ais yog ib pawg ntawm cov teeb meem tau zoo uas tsis cuam tshuam rau cov electrons uas tau muab faib tawm. Xws li tus qauv piav txog kev tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm atoms, txij li cov lus cog lus sib npaug sib npaug. Cov kev sim ntawm John Thomson tau ua tiav rau kev kawm ntxiv txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev. Txawm li cas los, muaj ntau cov lus nug tseem tsis tau teb.

Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Rutherford

Thomson pom lub neej ntawm electrons, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav cov khoom zoo nyob hauv lub cev. Ernest Rutherford kho no yuam kev nyob rau hauv 1911. Thaum lub sij hawm sim, kawm kev ua si ntawm alpha nyob hauv cov roj cua, nws pom tias cov khoom muaj nyob rau hauv cov atom, zoo tau them. Rutherford tau pom tias thaum rays dhau los ntawm nkev lossis los ntawm ib txoj kab hlau nyhuv, ib qho me me ntawm cov khoom txav ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm kev sib hais. Lawv muab lawv rov qab los. Tus kws tshawb fawb guessed tias qhov kev coj cwj pwm no yog vim muaj kev sib tsoo nrog cov khoom zoo. Xws li cov kev sim tau tso cai rau tus kws kho mob los ua ib tug qauv ntawm tus qauv ntawm Rutherford atom.

Planetary qauv

Tam sim no tus saib ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb tau me ntsis txawv ntawm cov kev xav los ntawm John Thomson. Cov qauv ntawm atoms tseem los ua txawv. Rutherford txoj kev tso cai rau nws los ua ib tug nkaus tshiab kev tshawb xav nyob rau hauv koj daim teb no. Lub discoveries ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb tau ntawm decisive qhov tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm physics. Rutherford tus qauv piav qhia txog atom ua tus nucleus nyob hauv nruab nrab, thiab electrons tsiv ib ncig nws. Cov nucleus muaj tus nqi zoo, thiab cov electrons - ib qho tsis zoo. Cov qauv ntawm lub atom raws li Rutherford pom tias kev sib hloov ntawm electrons nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus raws tej trajectories - orbits. Lub discovery ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb tau pab piav qhia txog vim li cas rau lub deflection ntawm alpha particles thiab rais los ua lub zog rau txoj kev xav ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub atom. Hauv cov qauv ntawm Rutherford atom, muaj ib qho analogy nrog lub suab ntawm cov ntiaj teb ntawm lub hnub ci system ncig lub hnub. Qhov no yog qhov sib piv tseeb thiab tiag tiag. Vim li no, lub Rutherford model, lub atom uas nws orbits cov nucleus ncig lub nucleus, hu ua planetary.

Ua haujlwm los ntawm Niels Bohr

Ob xyoos tom qab, Danis Physicist Niels Bohr tau sim muab cov tswv yim hais txog cov qauv ntawm lub cev nrog cov quantum cov khoom ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo. Tus qauv ntawm cov atom ntawm Rutherford tau tso los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb hauv nws lub tswv yim tshiab. Raws li Bohr qhov kev xav, lub atoms tig ncig lub nucleus nyob ncig orbits. Xws li ib txoj kev sib koom tes ntawm kev sib koom tes ua rau kev tsuj roj ntawm electrons. Tsis tas li ntawd, Coulomb kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kev hais no nrog lub chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub cev yog los ntawm kev tsim thiab kev siv zog los tswj lub qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev tawm suab ntawm electrons. Nyob rau hauv xws li tej yam kev mob, negatively nqi yuav tsum tau ib hnub twg ib hnub poob. Tab sis qhov no tsis tshwm sim, uas qhia tau tias muaj kev ruaj ntseg dua ntawm atoms li lub. Niels Bohr paub tias cov cai ntawm cov thermodynamics classical, piav qhia los ntawm Maxwell's equations, tsis ua hauj lwm raws li kev mob hauv tsev neeg. Yog li, tus kws tshawb fawb nws tus kheej txoj hauj lwm ntawm kev muab cov cai tshiab uas yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ntawm elementary hais.

Tshaj tawm ntawm Bora

Loj vim yog qhov tseeb tias muaj ib tug qauv ntawm Rutherford, cov atom thiab nws lub luag haujlwm tau zoo kawm, Niels Bohr tau mus rau txoj kev tsim ntawm nws lub postulates. Thawj ntawm lawv hais tias cov atom muaj ruaj ruaj xeev, nyob rau hauv uas nws tsis hloov nws lub zog, thiab electrons tsiv raws orbits tsis hloov lawv cov trajectory. Raws li lub thib ob postulate, thaum ib qho hluav taws xob txav los ntawm ib lub orbit mus rau lwm, lub zog tso los yog absorbed. Nws yog sib npaug zos rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov energies ntawm lub ntej thiab tom qab lub xeev ntawm lub cev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, yog ib tug electron jumps mus ze zog mus rau tub ntxhais ntawm lub orbit, nws yog tawm txim liab zog (photons), thiab vice versa. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias lub zog ntawm electrons tsis yog tsa orbital trajectory pov tseg nruj me ntsis circumferential qhib Bohr tau kom tau zoo heev piav rau lub hav zoov ntawm cov kab spectrum ntawm lub hydrogen atom. Kwv yees li ntawm tib lub sijhawm, physicists Hertz thiab Frank, uas nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, tau qhia tseeb txog Niels Bohr cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub neej ntawm cov chaw ruaj khov, ruaj lub xeev ntawm lub cev thiab hloov tau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv atomic energy.

Kev koom tes ntawm ob tug kws tshawb fawb

Los ntawm txoj kev, Rutherford rau ib ntev lub sij hawm yuav tsis txiav txim rau qhov nqi ntawm cov keeb. Cov kws tshawb fawb Marsden thiab Geiger tau sim rov kuaj dua Ernest Rutherford cov nqe lus thiab, vim yog cov ntsiab lus thiab cov kev sib tw thiab cov lus teb, xaus qhov nucleus yog tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm ib qho atom, thiab nws cov nqi them tag nrho hauv nws. Tom qab ntawd nws tau ua pov thawj tias tus nqi ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov xov tooj cua yog sib npaug sib npaug rau cov xov tooj ntawm cov keeb hauv lub caij ua haujlwm ntawm DI Mendeleev's ntsiab lus. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias Niels Bohr tsis ntev los no nws tau ntsib nrog Rutherford thiab tau pom zoo nrog nws cov kev xav. Tom qab ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua hauj lwm ua ke ntev ntev hauv tib lub tsev kuaj mob. Rutherford tus qauv, lub atom ua ib qho kev ua raws cov elementary them nqi, yog xav tau los ntawm Niels Bohr kom ncaj ncees thiab mus tas li tso nws tus qauv siv. Kev sib koom tes ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau zoo heev thiab tau yug txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Txhua tus tau mus tob rau hauv txoj kev kawm txog cov khoom ntawm elementary hais thiab ua cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau science. Tom qab ntawd, Rutherford tau pom thiab ua pov thawj tau txog kev tsim kho lub dag zog, tab sis qhov no yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lwm cov tshooj.