Sau Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws

Sau ntawv ancient Egypt raug raws li nyob rau hauv Hieroglyphs. Cov complex cim feem ntau tau tsuas yooj yim zog thiab stylized daim duab ntawm ib tug kwv los yog ib tug nyob qab. Sau ntawv ancient tim lyiv teb chaws - pov thawj ntawm ancient lub sij hawm - nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab lub sij hawm kuaj txog tus kab, qhov seem ntawm papyrus txhua, statues thiab tombs. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau ib lub sij hawm thaum European soj ntsuam undertook ib txoj kev tshawb no ntawm no mysterious oriental lub teb chaws.

Lub npe "hieroglyphics" belongs rau lub Greeks. Lawv invaded nyob rau hauv 332 BC nyob rau hauv ancient pawg neeg thaj av nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Los ntawm cov Greek lo lus "cim" txhais tau hais tias txhais "dawb huv carved."

Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm, lub Egyptian sau ntawv yog tus zoo nkauj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ib yam ntawm cov neeg yuav tsis tsim. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub 5 xyoo pua AD, hieroglyphic sau ntawv ntawm ancient tim lyiv teb chaws twb tsis nco qab lawm thiab rau ntau txhiab xyoo, plaub cim kuj yog ib tug paub tsis meej txawm rau cov neeg hauv zos. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no tab sis nyob qhov twg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tsis muaj ib tug yuav to taub nws. Decipher lub sau ntawv ntawm ancient Egypt sim nyob rau hauv lub 16-17 centuries. Qhov teeb meem no tau txij li thaum sim mus daws tau ntau zaum.

Nyob rau extinction ntawm kev vam meej tau poob, thiab tus yuam sij rau kev totaub txog cov ancient hieroglyphic sau ntawv. Qhov kawg ancient Hieroglyphs tau carved nyob rau hauv 394 AD nyob txog. Tuam tsev ntawm Isis nyob rau hauv Philae. Feem ntau cov tom qab ua lub npe hu text Demotic inscription 452 AD.

Lossis loj keeb kwm lub sij hawm (hais txog peb thiab ib nrab millennia) yog embodied nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, thoob plaws lub sij hawm no, lub ancient lus ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws hloov. Soj ntsuam faib nws mus rau hauv tsib theem ntawm kev loj hlob:

- Laus Iyiv lus siv thaum lub sij hawm lub qub Kingdom (28-23 xyoo pua BC ...);

- nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 22 mus rau 16 centuries. BC siv lub classic (sredneegipetsky) hom lus;

- thaum lub sij hawm 16 -13 centuries. BC. e. - Lig Iyiv yam lus;

- demotic Egyptians siv nrog 8 nyob rau hauv cov lus. BC. e. 5 xyoo pua ntawm peb era.;

- 3-nyob rau hauv. n. e pib yuav tsum tau siv lub Coptic lus.

Tom qab qhov ntxeem tau ntawm cov koom pheej Coptic lus nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 7 AD pib maj mam supplanted los ntawm Arabic.

Sau ntawv tim lyiv teb chaws yog suav tias yog, nrog rau cov Sumerian writings, tus hiob nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nws yog tib yam li cov kab lis kev cai ntawm no ancient lub teb chaws, tau tsim txaus rau lawv tus kheej. Number of hieroglyphic tej yam tshwm sim, feem ntau - qhov chaw nyob ib ncig ntawm xya puas. Cov ntsiab ntawm tsab ntawv yuav tsum havzoov nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Qhov no yog kev lom zem ntau nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm thiab nyob rau hauv ib feem los ntawm cov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tub sau ntawv. Qhov no feature, nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw, tus neeg tshawb fawb xa mus rau raws li hieratic (cursive) sau ntawv.

Sami cim yog txwv kom muab zais los ntawm lawv cov tsos. Ib suam ntawm Gardiner (English Egyptologist) yog xav kom tau txais.

Cov neeg nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt siv peb sau ntawv:

- hieratic,

- hieroglyphic

- thiab demotic.

Hieroglyphic system qhov ntxov tshaj plaws, yog muab cov duab thiab cov pictograms. Nws siv rau cov muab tso ua ke ntawm kev cai dab qhuas ntawv.

Hieratic system yog yooj yim zog cursive daim ntawv ntawm hieroglyphic system. Nws twb siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm ua lag ua luam thiab kev cai lij choj ntawv.

Lwm yam ntawm qhov system tau ua shorthand Demotic.

To taub sau cov Iyiv cov neeg yuav tsis muaj ib tug paub txog rau ntau tshaj 2000 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv Rosetta, nyob ze Alexandria, nyob rau hauv 1799 nws raug sab los ntawm ib tug me me basalt pob zeb. Nyob rau nws tau inscribed cai Fifth vaj ntxwv Ptolemy. Cov ntaubntawv raug ua los nyob rau hauv peb lub nruab: hieroglyphic, demotic thiab Greek. Pob zeb, npe hu ua Rosetta, kuj yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov tseem ceeb uas nrhiav tau rau zaum, Egyptologists, vim hais tias nws muaj tus yuam sij rau kev totaub txog cov ancient tsab ntawv. Daws tau qhov paub tsis meej ntawm hieroglyphics nyob rau hauv 1822 tau zoo rau lub Frenchman Zh.F.Shampolonu.