Tshuaj - dab tsi yog qhov no? Lawv faib los ntawm pab pawg

Pharmacology - lub science uas kawm cov los ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, txoj kev ua cov tshuaj tshiab. Txawm nyob rau hauv ancient Greece thiab nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb, nyob rau hauv lub tundra thiab nyob rau hauv yav qab teb ntug ntawm teb chaws Africa, tus neeg tau sim mus nrhiav ib txoj kev los tua cov kab mob. Nws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug kev txiav txim zoo ntawm xav xav tau, hauv tus npau suav uas raug nqi endeavor.

pharmacological terminology

Medicaments - yog tshuaj los yog ob peb ua ke ntawd yog siv los kho cov kab mob los yog raws li kev tiv thaiv.

Cov tshuaj - ib tug yeeb tshuaj uas yog twb npaj txhij rau kev siv.

Muaj ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj. Qhov no yog ua rau yooj yim ntawm kev siv thiab tau ib tug neeg mus kom ze rau cov kev kho mob ntawm cov neeg mob. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ua tsaug rau ntau yam ntawm kev tso tawm ntaub ntawv yuav xa cov tshuaj rau hauv lub cev nyob rau hauv ob peb txoj kev. Nws yog yooj yim mus ua hauj lwm nrog cov neeg mob nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis nco qab lub xeev, raws li zoo raws li cov neeg uas tau txais kev raug mob thiab kub yus.

Daim ntawv teev cov A thiab B

Tag nrho cov tshuaj yog muab faib ua peb pawg:

- Sau A (tshuaj lom);

- Sau B (hwj chim txhais tau tias, xws li analgesics);

- cov tshuaj uas muaj nyob tsis muaj ib tug tshuaj.

Tshuaj ntawm hoob A thiab B yuav tsum tau ntau dua cov xim, li ntawd, yuav tau lawv nyob rau hauv lub tsev muag tshuaj network yuav tsum tau ib tug tshwj xeeb daim ntawv qhia. Tsis tas li ntawd, koj yuav tsum paub tias qhov twg thiab yuav ua li cas cia cov tshuaj. Txij li thaum tej zaum lawv yuav thuam nyob rau hauv tshav ntuj los yog yuav ntxiv lom zog. Ib txhia txhais tau tias, xws li morphine, yog yuav muaj kev nruj accountability. Yog li ntawd, txhua vial yuav noj nyob rau tom kawg ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm ua haujlwm nrog rau cov coj nkag rau hauv lub cav. Muab tso rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntau tshaj ib txhia tshuaj: antipsychotics, tshuaj rau tshuaj loog, tshuaj tiv thaiv.

zaub mov txawv

Daim ntawv qhia - ib daim ntawv tsis txaus siab rau tus kws kho mob los sis kws tshuaj tus kws muab tshuaj nrog ib tug kev thov mus muag cov tshuaj rau tus neeg mob, cim tias seb thaum lub daim ntawv no, ntau npaum thiab txoj kev thiab zaus ntawm daim ntawv thov. Dawb paug muaj nuj nqi executes tam sim ntawd kev kho mob, raws li txoj cai, thiab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, yog hais tias tus tshuaj yuav muab rau tus neeg mob nyob rau hauv ib tug preferential hauv paus, los yog tsis them nyiaj.

Muaj cai uas regulates cov kev cai rau muab tshuaj kws kho mob sib txawv ntawm cov specialties, thiab lawv txoj haujlwm.

Drug - nws tsis yog tsuas yog yam khoom uas yuav tshem tawm tus kab mob no los yog nws cov tsos mob, tab sis lub tshuaj lom, li ntawd, tus kws kho mob yuav tsum raug qhia hais tias ntau npaum ntawm ib tug tshuaj ntawm tawm.

koob tshuaj

Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj sau los ntawm Arabic numerals nqi ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov huab hwm coj los ntim units ntawm tus zauv system. Tag nrho grams sib cais los ntawm ib tug tsis nco qab, piv txwv li, 1.0. Yog hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj xws li tshuaj, lawv muaj pes tsawg yog xaiv los ntawm Roman numerals. Ib txhia tshuaj tua kab mob xam nyob rau hauv lub thoob ntiaj teb (IU) los yog biological units (IU).

Medicaments - tshuaj uas tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv cov khoom, kua los yog gaseous daim ntawv. Kua thiab gases nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov txawv yog qhia nyob rau hauv milliliters, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm inhalation, tus kws kho mob yuav nco ntsoov lub xwb koob tshuaj ntawm qhuav tshuaj.

Qhov kawg ntawm lub hwj tshuaj yuav tsum kos npe rau los ntawm tus kws kho mob thiab koj tus kheej printing. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub teev passport cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus neeg mob, xws li lub npe, lub npe, hnub yug. Nco ntsoov muab tso cia rau hauv lub hnub ntawm lub hwj tshuaj thiab nws ntev. Tshwj xeeb ntaub ntawv sau yuav tshuaj rau pab tshuaj, narcotics, hypnotics, antipsychotics thiab kev mob. Lawv kos npe rau yog tsis tsuas cov kws kho mob tab sis kuj cov thawj ntawm cov kws kho mob ntawm lub tsev kho mob, cuabyeej nws foob, thiab rau sab saum toj chaw puag ncig foob lub tsev kho mob.

Txwv tsis pub sau ester nyob rau hauv pw tsaug zog kiag, fentanyl, chloroethane, ketamine thiab lwm yam soporific neeg sawv cev. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv Latin muab cov zaub mov txawv thiab pab tswv yim rau tau txais tsuas sau nyob rau hauv ib hom lus uas yog to taub rau tus neeg mob. Rau cov tshuaj thiab tshuaj lom lub validity ntawm cov kev tso cai rau cov muag khoom yog tsuas yog siv mus rau tsib hnub, kev kho mob cawv - kaum, tus so yuav tsum tau muas tsis pub dhau ob lub hlis ntawm hnub tim uas rau lub hwj tshuaj.

General kev faib

Nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no qhov teeb meem, nyob qhov twg muaj yog lub feem ntau txawv txawv yeeb tshuaj, ib tug kev faib yog tsim nyog kiag li nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg. Rau lub hom phiaj no, ob peb cov pa qhia:

1. Therapeutic siv - tsim ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov tshuaj siv los kho tib tus kab mob.
2. Pharmacological txiav txim - cov nyhuv uas cov tshuaj ua nyob rau hauv lub cev.
3. Tshuaj qauv.
4. Nosological hauv paus ntsiab lus. Nws yog zoo li tus kho, tab sis lub txim hluav taws xob yog txawm ntau nqaim.

Classification nyob rau hauv pab pawg

Thaum qhov kaj ntug ntawm cov tshuaj, kws kho mob tau sim mus npaj lawv tus kheej cov tshuaj. Classification xws li tuaj ntawm lub dag zog ntawm chemists thiab druggists, tso ua ke rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub taw tes rau ntawm daim ntawv thov. Nws muaj xws pawg:

1. psychotropic tshuaj thiab acting nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus poob siab system agents (anxiolytics, antipsychotics, sedatives, antidepressants, antiepileptics, anti-inflammatory).

2. Tshuaj yeeb yam nyob rau hauv cov peripheral lub paj hlwb (ganglioplegic, anticholinergics)

3. lub zos ua kom loog.

4. Formulations Process vascular laus.

5. diuretic thiab cholagogue.

6. Tshuaj rau nruab nrog secretion thiab cov metabolism hauv.

7. Tshuaj tua kab mob thiab antiseptics.

8. anticancer tshuaj.

9. Txhais tau tias kev diagnostics (dyes, zoo cov neeg ua hauj, radionuclides).

Qhov no thiab zoo sib xws sib cais pab cov tub ntxhais kws kho mob kom paub ntxiv txog uas twb muaj lawm cov tshuaj. Classification nyob rau hauv pab pawg yuav pab tau intuitively to taub lub mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib tug yeeb tshuaj ntau npaum thiab nco ntsoov.

Suam ntawm cov tshuaj qauv

Qhov no feature yog feem ntau haum rau kev sib faib ntawm antiseptic thiab antimicrobial agents. Paub qhov txawv bactericidal thiab bacteriostatic tshuaj. Suam ntawm cov tshuaj qauv npog ob cov pab pawg neeg. Cov tshuaj qauv ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw no qhia cov mechanism ntawm yeeb tshuaj kev txiav txim thiab nws lub npe.

1. Halides. Thaum nws cov tub ntxhais, muaj ib tug tshuaj caij ntawm lub halogen neeg: chloro, Fluoro, bromo, iodo. Piv txwv li, antiformin, chloramine, pantotsid, iodoform thiab lwm tus neeg.
2. Oxidants. Nws tsis yog nyuaj rau twv hais tias lawv mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim yog aimed ntawm tsim ntawm ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm free oxygen. Cov no muaj xws hydrogen peroxide, gidroperit muaju ntawm poov tshuaj permanganate.
3. Acid. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv - salicylic acid thiab boric.
4. Alkali: sodium borate, bikarmint, ammonia.
5. Aldehydes. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim - lub peev xwm los tshem tawm cov dej los ntawm ntaub so ntswg, uas ua rau lawv ntau txhav. Cov neeg sawv cev - formalin Formidron, Lizoform, methenamine, urosal ethyl cawv.
6. Ntsev ntawm hnyav hlau: mercuric chloride, mercury tshuaj pleev, calomel, lapis, colloid nyiaj, tooj liab sulfate, lead thaj, zinc oxide paste Lassara li al.
7. Phenols. Yog irritating thiab cauterizing nyhuv. Feem ntau ntawm lawv - carbolic acid, Lysol.
8. Dyes. Siv nyob rau hauv diagnostic cov txheej txheem thiab raws li ib tug hauv zos irritant thiab antibacterial neeg sawv cev. Cov no muaj xws methylene xiav, ci ntsa iab ntsuab, fukortsin.
9. Tars thiab resins, e.g., Wisniewski tshuaj, tshuaj pleev Wilkinson, ichthyol, paraffin, naphthalene, Soultz. Txhim kho lub zos cov ntshav ncig.

Khoom medicaments

Cov formulations yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov hauv qab no: ntsiav tshuaj, tshuaj, hmoov, tshuaj thiab granules thiab lwm yam tshuaj. Kev txiav txim ntawm qhov kev tso tawm daim ntawv no yog tsis yooj yim, vim nws yog tau nrog cov liab qab qhov muag los mus txiav txim yog dab tsi nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm koj.

Ntsiav tshuaj yog tau los ntawm shaping ib tug hmoov muaj active ingredient thiab koom haum pab. Feem ntau qhov no yog ua li cas nyob rau hauv siab.

Dragees - yog nyob khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg active tshuaj thiab cam, ot tawv ib ncig ntawm lub granules.

Hmoov muaj ob peb siv. Lawv muaj peev xwm haus dej haus, nphoo lawv wounds, dilute nrog saline thiab stabbing intramuscularly los yog intravenously. Paub qhov txawv undosed thiab ntau npaum cov hmoov uas, nyob rau hauv lem, muaj tej yam yooj yim thiab complex.

Lub tsiav tshuaj yog gelatin plhaub muaj cov kua, granular, powdery los yog pasty tshuaj.

Granules yog feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv homeopathic npaj muaj rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm me me (tsawg tshaj li ib nrab ntawm ib millimeter).

kua ntaub ntawv

Los ntawm no txoj kev ntawm kev npaj ib tug kev npaj muaj xws li cov ntsiab, thiab novogalenovyh galenic formulations, salves, collodion, thiab lwm yam kua thiab semi-khoom embodiments.

Lub ntsiab raug tsim tom qab nws cov tshuaj thiab ib tug hnyav, xws li cov dej los yog dej cawv.

Galenic npaj txhaj tsuas muaj cog cia tau ua los ntawm cov cua kub.

Infusions thiab decoctions yog npaj los ntawm qhuav nroj tsuag. Txhua yam ntawm cov tej yam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia, nrog rau tus nqi ntawm cov kuab yuav tsum tau siv tus kws muab tshuaj.

Txoj kev lis ntshav thiab extract - nyob rau tsis tooj, haus dej cawv-muaj kua. Lawv yuav ua tau tag nrho ob qho huv si thiab spirtovodnymi los yog spirtoefirnymi. Novogalenovyh formulations txawv ntawm cov pa galenic, ib tug high degree ntawm kev huv huv ntawm raw khoom thiab cov khoom tiav.

Tshwj xeeb ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj

Conditioners yog oily kua muaj ib tug deodorising thiab antiseptic thaj. Collodion - ib tug tov ntawm cellulose nitrate nrog haus dej haus cawv thiab ether ua ke ib rau. Heev dua lwm yam externally. Cream muaj semifluid taub hau thiab muaj kev cog cia, tov nrog ib lub hauv paus, xws li glycerol, ciab, paraffin, thiab lwm yam Lemonades thiab syrups no yog tsim los xyuas kom meej tias cov me nyuam kom yooj yim rau noj tshuaj. Nws yuav pab tsis muaj dag zog ntxiv rau nyiam cov tub ntxhais tus neeg mob thaum lub sij hawm kev kho mob.

muaj menyuam tsis taus aqueous thiab oily ntsiab tseem haum rau kev txhaj tshuaj. Lawv yuav ua tau raws li tej yam yooj yim raws li nyuab. Thaum muab cov tshuaj ib txwm qhia tias cov koob ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw thiab lub ntim nyob rau hauv ib tug minyuam lam fwj tshuaj, raws li zoo raws li cov lus pom zoo, qhov twg nws yuav tsum tau muab cov tshuaj.

mos nrhiav

Yog hais tias siv tau raws li ib lub hauv paus rau fatty los yog muaj roj zoo li yam khoom uas yog mos tshuaj. Lus Txhais, kev faib tawm, tsim txoj kev ntxiv - tag nrho cov lus nug no txig paub chemists thiab kws muab tshuaj, kws kho mob kuj yuav tsum paub xwb cov tshuaj thiab cov indications.

Yog li, lub tshuaj pleev yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog nees nkaum-tsib feem pua ntawm lub qhuav teeb meem. Cov uas tsim nyog taub hau yuav ua tau tiav los ntawm nws cov hmoov nrog tsiaj rog, ciab, zaub roj, petrolatum los yog polyethylene glycol. Cov tib kev thov mus rau lub pastas, tab sis lawv yuav tsum tau khov dua. Liniments, on qhov tsis tooj, yuav tsum xav cov kua, thiab ua ntej yuav siv lawv yuav tsum tau shaken kom tswm hmoov yog tusyees faib nyob rau hauv lub kuab. Taws tswm ciab los yog suppositories yog khoom, tab sis thaum noj sai sai yaj thiab ua kua. Lub thaj ua rau thaj tseem khoom ntawm chav tsev kub, tab sis lawv yaj thiab lo rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, txoj kev ua ib tug nyob sib ze.

Medicaments - tshuaj yog advantageously ntawm tsob nroj keeb kwm, uas tau undergone tshuaj los yog lub cev kev kho mob rau tus neeg mob lub cev zoo dua li lawv zom.