Victorian style ntawm architecture: nta thiab architectural masterpieces. Lub Victorian era

Lub era ntawm lub reign ntawm poj huab tais Victoria nyob rau hauv lub UK yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab txawm revolutionary. Qhov thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov xyoo pua puv 19 yog lub sij hawm ntawm tumultuous hloov nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov qhov chaw ntawm lub English, thiab qhov no yuav tsum tau reflected nyob rau hauv lub architecture. Qhia peb seb tus Victorian style ntawm architecture, dab tsi yog nws tseem thiab ib co ntawm nws cov variants ua ib ke.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub era

Nyob rau hauv 1837, lub zwm txwv ntawm lub British faj tim teb chaws sawv hluas Koroleva Viktoriya. Nws tau nyiaj dhau los los ntawm ntau yam kev nyuaj siab, nws nyob rau hauv hwj chim rau 60 xyoo thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom lub teb chaws vam meej, kev cai thiab civilized. Victorian era (xyoo - los ntawm 1837 mus 1901) yog tsis niaj hnub lub sij hawm yav dhau los. Thaum lub sij hawm no nws muaj sai kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam, kab lis kev cai thiab kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Teb chaws Aas Kiv ntau lub xyoo tau kiag li hloov peb txoj kev ntawm lub neej, lawv mentality. Lub teb chaws kuj yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov haib empires ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, ntxiv dag zog rau nws cov cawv nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Asia thiab teb chaws Africa. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, Victoria lub reign pib tseg cia txoj kev loj hlob, tab sis muaj ntau yam ntawm lub achievements ntawm uas era yog tseem tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv niaj hnub teb chaws Aas Kiv. Koroleva Viktoriya yog ib tug active tus kws lijchoj ntawm nruj morality, uas yog tej zaum lub ntsiab kos npe rau ntawm lub sij hawm no. nws yog tseem xam tau tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb kev Modernization thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai. Yog li ntawd, nws yog nyob rau lub sij hawm no yog lub ceev ceev flowering ntawm lus Askiv cov ntaub ntawv thiab architecture.

Victorian Culture

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub sij hawm ntawm poj huab tais Victoria lub reign yog qhov uas tsis ua tsov ua rog thiab cov technology boom. Lub British yog heev muaj myiaj lub teb chaws thiab ib tug zuj zus nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv yog qhov tseem ceeb tsav tsheb quab yuam ntawm kev loj hlob. Lub sij hawm pom lub active kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm ntawv, muaj xws li ib tug tshwm sim raws li tourism kev ib tug tshiab txoj kev xav ntawm cov neeg uas nyob hauv teb chaws Ottoman. Ua raws li cov piv txwv ntawm lawv British poj huab tais muaj nruj thiab conservative ncaj ncees views, lawv tau refrained nyob rau hauv kev lom zem thiab nquag, thiab tag nrho cov uas - lwm yog vim li cas vim li cas lub economic kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws. Tshiab worldview ua lub hauv paus rau ib tug txhob nyob rau hauv cov kos duab. Lub ideological hauv paus yog tus fusion ntawm Victorian utilitarianism thiab kev tshajtawm. Kawg, tab sis tsis yog lub luag hauj lwm ua si los ntawm kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lus Askiv ntaub ntawv. Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, C. Doyle, Bronte muam - qhov no yog cov raug sau ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm. Visual tswvyim embodies lub era ntawm lub Pre-Raphaelites. Ntawm kev tseem ceeb rau lub ntiaj teb no ntawm architecture nws ua ib tug Victorian style architecture. Lub British ces them zoo mloog los koj lub tsev. Yog li ntawd, architecture thiab dekoratorstvo los ua ib tug tseem ceeb heev ib feem ntawm ib tug tshiab txoj kev ua neej.

Common nta ntawm lub Victorian era architecture

Lub sij hawm "Victorian style" yog sim kom paub tias ib tug lossis loj lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm, uas yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug muaj zog heterogeneity. Yog li ntawd, nruj me ntsis architectural kev txiav txim zoo yog tsis muaj tej chaw tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv lus Askiv-hais lus lub teb chaws ntawm lub era yeej los ntawm eclectic retrospectivism, koom nyob rau hauv ib tug ob peb zoo sib xws, tsis tau cov lus qhia. Qhov no Italian style, neo-gothic style ntawm lub Ob txhais faj tim teb chaws, lub Indo-sarantsinsky style thiab lwm hom.

Victorian-era architecture riddled nrog practicality, raws li zoo raws li tag nrho cov kab lis kev cai, thiab eclectic. Nws muaj xws nta raws li ib tug ua ke ntawm cov ntsiab los ntawm ntau epochs. Lub tsev twb tau siv ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm qhov chaw, uas muaj xim, xov raws facade. Yees, balconies, friezes, peaked ru tsev, ntau lub qhov rais ntawm txawv ntau thiab tsawg, terraces, siab entrances nrog ib tug lawj, ib tug nplua mais ntawm textures thiab decorations - tag nrho cov no Victorianism.

Periodization ntawm Victorian architecture

Lub thiaj li hu ua Victorian style ntawm architecture emerges li ib lo lus teb rau yav dhau los eras - georgianstvu thiab style ntawm poj huab tais Anne, uas differed ib tug zoo rigor thiab restraint. Lub architecture ntawm lub Victorian feeb muab faib ua peb loj sij hawm:

1. Thaum Ntxov (1835-1855). Qhov no lub sij hawm neostiley, historicism koj nyiam ua. Thaum lub sij hawm no muaj cov kev xaiv nrog tus prefix neo- xws nto moo yeej zoo li Gothic, Rococo, Moorish, Byzantine, Suav.

2. Nruab nrab (1855-1870). Thaum lub sij hawm no nws yog tsim nyog flowering ntawm lub Pre-Raphaelite zog, muaj tswv yim ntawm cov artist William Morris. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, muaj ib tug rov qab mus rau tus nqi ntawm lub cim thiab xuas tes ua nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub ua ntej lawm lub sij hawm, thaum yeej los ntawm loj-ua yam khoom. Ib zaug ntxiv lub ntsiab nqi ntawm tus kheej yog li no.

3. Lig (1870-1901). Qhov no lub sij hawm tseem hu ua Victorian Renaissance. Nws yog redefining cov Baroque kev lig kev cai ntawm Gothic. Architects nco ntsoov Tudor thiab siv nyob rau hauv tshiab kev tsim kho kev kawm, ib co era ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th.

Gothic lub rooj txhawb siab

Lub architecture ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, tom qab lub era ntawm "loj" yeej, muaj yog ib tug periodic kev kho mob rau qhov sib txawv kev cai ntawm architecture, tsis tau dim cov "rov qab" thiab hais. Lub xyoo pua puv 19, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws ob ib nrab - nws yog lub sij hawm mus rau rethink thiab txawv txawv nyeem ntawv hom kev kawm thiab cov kev daws ntawm yeej sib txawv thiab eras. Nyob rau hauv lub 40s ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 hais ib nthwv dej ntawm neo-Gothic. Lancet qhov rais, turrets thiab cov kub tse, arches nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm cov Nrab Hnub nyoog muaj kab nrov heev. Thiab ntau yam ntsiab ntawm medieval pawg ntseeg yog tam sim no khwb khuav siv rau dai kom zoo ntawm thaj thiab coj mus muag vaj tse. Hauv As Kiv teb thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm poj huab tais Victoria kav, nws tau ua ntau lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub Gothic Revival style. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog cov London Parliament tus naas ej Moos pej thuam loj Ben, lub London Royal Court complex, zoo li ib tug fairy taleas medieval palace, thiab cov brightest St Pancras chaw nres tsheb ntawm liab cib. Qhov no style yog li ntawd nrov nyob rau hauv lub Victorian era hais tias tej zaum cov ntsiab lus uas ob sinonimiziruyutsya.

Italian Victorianism

Poj huab tais Victoria era yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug eclectic architecture uas thov kom muab qhov chaw ntawm yeej sib txawv thiab ntau lub teb chaws tshwm sim. Thaum lub sij hawm no, ua nrov Italian style, nws yog tshwj xeeb yog zoo manifested nyob rau hauv lub thaj architecture, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws tsev nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States. Nws lub ntsiab tej yam tshwm sim no tsis tshua muaj, ntau ru tsev, colonnades, arches, Roman Gables thiab cov nplua nuj inlay facades. Qhov no style yog zoo meej rau dai kom zoo ntawm lub tsev, uas ua rau hauv nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub xeev thiab lub suburbs ntawm London.

Ob txhais faj tim teb chaws Style

Fabkis txoj kab lis kev cai thiab architecture ntawm sij hawm sib txawv muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb no architecture. Kuv yuav tsis tau kev khiav no cawv, thiab ces, lub xyoo pua puv 19 uas yog ib lub sij hawm ntawm glamour faj tim teb chaws style, qhov thiaj li hu ua Ob txhais faj tim teb chaws. Txawm tias txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus Askiv thiab Fabkis haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1855 mus 1885 tus British them tribute mus rau lub architecture ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm Napoleon III. Lub ntsiab kos npe rau ntawm no style ntawm lub ru tsev steel ru tsev, uas raug xam tias yog heev haumxeeb, raws li zoo raws li siab, nqaim qhov rooj thiab loj nkhaus qhov rais. Style nyob rau hauv ces ntawd kub ntev li ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm thiab tsuas yog siv rau cov kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm pej xeem vaj tse thiab tsev lub tsev nyob.

Style poj huab tais Anne

thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm poj huab tais Anne - pib ntawm lub 18th caug xyoo. Nws yog tus heyday ntawm cov lus Askiv Baroque, nrog nws mob siab rau kev wealth thiab khoom kim heev décor. Architectural masterpieces ntawm lub sij hawm twb reinterpreted nyob rau hauv Victorian lub sij hawm. Lub ntsiab ideologist ntawm poj huab tais Anne Revival style yog kes duab lub vajtse Richard Norman Shaw, nws siv zog nyob rau hauv ces, muaj ntau lub tsev, uas los ua ib tug instant classic British architecture. Cov no muaj xws li ib tug lub tsev "os dej dawb" nyob rau hauv Chelsea, thawj chav tsev nyob ze Albert Hall, ib tug ob peb lub tsev nyob rau hauv St. James Street, ib tug loj ib feem ntawm lub tsev suburb ntawm Bedford Park, ntau lub tsev nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub UK raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv New Zealand thiab Is Nrias teb.

Romanesque

Lub architectural style ntawm lub Victorian era sim mus nrhiav ib tug tshiab los txhais lus rau cov uas nrhiav tau architects ntawm yore. Nyob rau hauv lub lig puv 19 xyoo pua architects nco txog cov ancient Roman kev lig kev cai ntawm lub tsev temples thiab castles ntawm 11-12 centuries. Nyob rau hauv Victorian lub sij hawm brutal tsev pob zeb feem ntau tsim rau tib neeg habitation los yog rau pej xeem cov hom phiaj. Tom qab ntawd, Genri Gobson Richardson nquag nce lub style nyob rau hauv lub US pej xeem siv. Lub ntsiab feature yog lub laconic monumentality thiab kev ntseeg siab. Khoom tsev nrog yees ntawm grey pob zeb yog heev nyiam cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub qho bourgeoisie.

pej xeem style

Folk (pej xeem) Victorian style architecture tau ua ib tug organic ua ke ntawm cov laus English kev lig kev cai rau qhov kev siv ntawm tsev rau cov tsev neeg ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab tshiab technologies nyob rau lub sij hawm. Yog li ntawd, sawv daws dai kom zoo nkauj ntoo los yog ntoo siding vuas (shingles). Qhov no style yog ntau tshaj li ntes tau nyob rau hauv thiab tau txais ib tug loj loj kis nyob rau hauv lub US architecture. Neeg txawv teb chaws los ntawm lub British xav ua ib lub teb chaws tshiab daim qub teb chaws Askiv, thiab muaj cov khab seeb rau cov tsev ntoo nrog turrets, balconies, terraces thiab cornices. Pheej Yig ntaub ntawv cia ua hauj lwm tsev neeg kom tau ib co tsev thiab los ze zog mus rau nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv tus qauv ntawm nyob.

Nrua

Lub Victoria era, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tom qab lub sij hawm, lub architects nrhiav mus nrhiav tshiab ob peb ua ke ntawm cov ntsiab ntawm cov yeej sib txawv. Yog li ntawd thaum lub hlws ris ntawm lub Gothic style, thiab poj huab tais Anne tshwm stick - ib hom ntawm ib nrab-timbered siv. Architecture li ib daim duab ua ke ntawm cov laus kev cai thiab tshiab technologies yuav nrhiav tau tshiab kev daws rau ib tug zoo nkauj thiab xis vaj tse nyob. Lub tsev nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm tus pas yuav luag nkaus ua rau cov ntoo nyob rau hauv lub cev technology. Tab sis mus piv rau thiab txo tau tus nqi ntawm kev tsim kho no mas siv khib thiab pinion technology. Qhov no style yog ntau los ua nrov nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States.

Indo-Saracenic style

UK architecture tsis tau tsuas yog nrhiav kom txhais tau cov yeej ntawm European architecture, tab sis kuj mloog mus rau lub teb chaws kev cai ntawm lub zos. Yog li, nyob rau hauv British Is Nrias teb, tuaj lub Indo-Saracenic style uas cov colonizers xav qhia lawv saab laaj nrog lub hauv paus txawm rulers lub teb chaws. Lub British tebchaws palaces, residences, stylized siv moguls. Qhov no kev lig kev cai twb eagerly khaws los ntawm lub zos aristocracy, uas pib tsim nyob rau hauv no pseudo-lub teb chaws style ntawm lawv palaces. Tom qab ntawd Indian motifs thiab Saracenic architecture pib nkag mus rau hauv thaj siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub cottages rau lub xeev nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv teb chaws Aas Kiv thiab lub tebchaws United States.