Yuav ua li cas thiab nyob qhov twg cov thawj cov zis yog tsim: cov mechanisms nyob rau hauv kev noj qab nyob thiab tus kab mob

Muaj koj puas tau wondered li cas ua ib tug herculean txoj hauj lwm rau peb lub cev nyob rau txhua hnub los xyuas kom meej tias lub cev metabolism? Yuav ua li cas thiab qhov twg rau thawj thiab zis, dab tsi yog qhov mechanisms ntawm kev cai ntawm cov complex dab, ua li cas rau lub cev thaum lawv ua txhaum? Xav txog cov lus nug no nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

kev taw qhia

Metabolism hauv - lub xwb qhov ntawm lub zog thiab as substrates rau tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob, xws li tib neeg. Thiab lub ntsiab cab kuj yog lawv cov ntshav. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cov metabolism hauv yog tsim tsis tau tsuas yog tsim nyog rau peb, tab sis kuj ruaj, tsis yuav los yog txawm lom metabolites yuav tsum tau tso tawm rov qab mus rau hauv ib puag ncig. Paths rau no 4: expiratory huab cua los ntawm daim tawv nqaij secretion los ntawm cov hnyuv thiab ob lub raum. Ntawm no yog qhov tseeb mechanism thiab peb saib nyob rau hauv ntau yam, vim hais tias nws muaj feem xyuam rau ib tug loj ib feem ntawm cov metabolism hauv lub cev, thiab yog li ntawd nws muab ntawm tag nrho cov tsim nyog cov as-ham.

Yuav ua li cas yog tus nqi ntawm ob lub raum nyob rau hauv lub cev?

Ob lub raum, raws li koj paub, OK - nws yog paired hloov khoom nruab nrog, nyob rau hauv lub extraperitoneal lumbar cheeb tsam ntawm ib tug neeg. Nws yog ib qhov lub cev yog lub luag hauj lwm rau qhov qee ntawm tag nrho cov co toxins thiab metabolites ntawm ib tug kab mob uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntshav thiab tsis poob mus rau hauv cov kua tsib, thiab ntsha tshuav nyiaj li cas. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv coj los ua ke ib co tshuaj hormones thiab yog ib tug ntawm cov yooj yim mechanisms regulating ntshav siab - renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, uas yog vim tshwj xeeb hlwb nyob rau hauv lub juxtaglomerular afferent arterioles lub raum corpuscles yog rhiab heev rau qhov no parameter. Lub parenchyma ntawm no hloov khoom nruab nrog yog muaj li ntawm lab ntawm cov nephrons nyob rau hauv capillary glomeruli uas tus tsim ntawm cov thawj zis nyob rau hauv lub tubules thiab - nws concentration ua ntej theem nrab.

Nyob rau txhua yam yog raws li?

Qhov no multi-kauj ruam cov txheej txheem thiab yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim ntawm tus gradient, uas yog, qhov txawv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb. Yog li, lub siab gradient ntawm lub afferent thiab efferent arterioles regulates qhov nyiaj ntawm cov zis, thiab chaw pib tus nqi ntawm cov ntshav ntim thiab cov ntshav siab. Ib tug concentration gradient ntawm ions thiab permeability rau lawv tubular phab ntsa muab ib tug ntsha tshuav nyiaj li cas nyob rau hauv lub cev. Yog li, lub raum - ib tug tseem ceeb heev hloov khoom nruab nrog, raws li zoo raws li lub xwb yog lo lus teb rau lo lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas thiab qhov twg rau thawj cov zis?" Yog hais tias peb tham ntau txog cov qauv ntawm cov nephron, ces nws pom tau tias ob lub ntsiab qhov chaw: cov hlaus corpuscle (capillary glomerulus + txheej capsule Bowman -Shumlyanskogo) thiab tubules (descending - proximal convoluted kab, voj ntawm Henle, ascending - distal convoluted thiab ncaj). Yuav ua li cas thiab nyob qhov twg cov thawj cov zis yog tsim nyob rau hauv no txoj system? Heev tsuas, yog tias koj saib.

Yuav ua li cas yog nws ua hauj lwm?

Yog li, tag nrho cov dab noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub nephron lug los ntawm successive mechanisms. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, cov thawj zis - yog ib tug ua kua tau los ntawm pom ntawm lub cellular ntsiab ntawm cov ntshav, thiab nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub raum corpuscles. Vim lub fact tias cov kab uas hla afferent arterioles nephron ob zaug lub lub cheeb ntawm lub efferent ntshav yog pumped nyob rau hauv kub siab mus rau hauv lub tshuaj ntsiav ntawm Bowman-Shymlanskaya, thiab nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub tib lub quab yuam nkag mus rau hauv capillary glomerulus. Nyob rau hauv no cell ntsiab thiab molecules tsis dhau ntxhib barrier txog ntsha phab ntsa, thiab kom lawv tuaj tawm ntawm cov tshuaj ntsiav rov qab los ntawm lub efferent arteriole. Ntawm no yog yuav ua li cas thiab nyob qhov twg cov thawj cov zis yog tsim. Qhov no tus txheej txheem no rov tsis tu ncua, txhua txhua ob, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muaj lub nqi ntawm peb nruab nrog cev thiab cov nqaij mos ntawm cov ntshav yeej tsis tu ncua, dua kuj los ntawm ob lub raum.

ob peb ntau

Yog li, nyob rau hauv hnub no lub cev kis tau los ntawm nws tus kheej rau 1,700 litres ntawm cov ntshav, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov thawj zis (150-170 litres), i.e. 1 liter ntawm kaum txhua. Nws yog txaus kua yuav tsum tau muab rho tawm los ntawm lub cev, vim hais tias txhua txhua hnub tus neeg kov txog 2-3 litres ntawm cov dej, txog ib nrab ib liter ntxiv ib tug ntxiv tsim thaum lub sij hawm metabolic dab. Thiab raws li thawj cov zis los ntawm tej yam yooj yim pom ntawm cov ntshav los ntawm week, nws yog suab ntshav, tab sis tsis muaj tus loj molecules. Tab sis tsis zoo li ib tug zaum kawg tsim thawj zis kuj muaj ntau ions thiab piam thaj, raws li lawv tau yooj yim mus rau los ntawm lub vascular phab ntsa. Ntxiv mus, los ntawm xeem dhau los ntawm ib tug system ntawm tubules tshwm sim reabsorption dej, electrolytes thiab, tseem ceeb tshaj, qabzib. Uas yog vim li cas thaum nws detects nyob rau hauv lub tsom xam ntawm cov zis protein thiab qab zib tus kws kho mob tas xav tias ib tug pathological mob ntawm lub cev.

kab mob

Lub ob lub raum raug rau ntau cov kab kab mob, lawv tus kheej cov tshuaj, raws li zoo raws li cab. Yog li, ib tug formidable kab mob no yog glomerulonephritis, tawm, feem ntau nephrons uas tsim cov thawj cov zis. Ntxiv inflammatory txheej txheem hais kom tubules thiab yog li ntawd urinalysis thiab pom loj nyiaj ntawm cov protein thiab electrolytes.

Cov feem ntau abnormality yog pyelonephritis - ib tus mob o ntawm lub raum plab mog system ntawm ib tug kab xwm, piv txwv li lub raum departments uas twb yog zis mus rau hauv lub ureter. Parenchyma thaum kev txom nyem me ntsis xwb, thiaj li muaj protein ntau yog pom nyob rau hauv me me, tab sis cov kab mob thiab qe ntshav dawb - ib tug tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov xwm sib txawv tshwm sim nephritis nyob rau hauv mauj pathologies lub cev (amyloidosis), cov kab mob ntawm lub cardio-leeg tshav system (atherosclerosis, kub siab, thrombosis), thiab metabolic mob. Muaj kuj congenital malformations ntawm lub urinary system. Yog li, ob lub raum yog cov tsis tshua raug rau pathological kev hloov, thiab vim hais tias ntawm lawv cov tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub cev yog siab, hais txog lawv kev noj qab nyob yuav tsum saib xyuas ntawm nws cov hluas.