Yuav ua li cas yog cov pa roj carbon monoxide? molecular qauv

carbon monoxide, kuj hu ua carbon monoxide, muaj ib tug heev muaj zog molecular qauv, yog inert mus rau lub tshuaj zog thiab yog tsis zoo soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej. Qhov no compound yog kuj tsis tshua muaj tshuaj lom thaum tso tawm rau hauv lub pa system yog kev cob cog rua rau cov ntshav hemoglobin, thiab hais tias tsis tu tsis tseg hloov mus rau lwm cov pa mus ntaub so ntswg thiab kabmob.

Tshuaj npe thiab mis

Carbon monoxide yog paub los ntawm lwm cov npe, xws li carbon monoxide II. Nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, nws yog feem ntau hu ua carbon monoxide. Qhov no carbon monoxide yog ib tug lom roj, tsis muaj kob thiab tasteless, ntxhiab. Nws tshuaj mis - CO, thiab cov loj ntawm ib tug tib molecule yog 28,01 g / mol.

Los ntawm lub cev

Carbon monoxide uake rau hemoglobin tsim carboxyhemoglobin uas yog tsis oxygen nqa peev xwm. Nqus tau pa ntawm vapor ua Cns kev puas tsuaj (central tshee system), thiab txhawm chim. Cov uas ua tsis muaj pa ua rau mob taub hau, kiv taub hau, tsis lub plawv dhia thiab ua pa nqi, ua rau hnovqab thiab tom ntej txoj kev tuag ntawm cov kab mob.

tshuaj lom roj

Carbon monoxide yog ua los ntawm ib nrab combustion ntawm tshuaj muaj carbon, xws li nyob rau hauv internal combustion xyaw. Cov compound 1 muaj xws li ib tug carbon atom covalently ua txhua yam rau ib tug oxygen atom. Carbon monoxide yog ib co tshuaj lom, thiab nws yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau ua rau cov neeg tuag taus lom thoob ntiaj teb. Raug yuav ua rau lub plawv puas tsuaj thiab lwm yam kabmob.

Yuav ua li cas yog kev siv ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide?

Txawm tias nws loj toxicity, carbon monoxide yog tsis tshua muaj pab tau - ua tsaug rau niaj hnub siv tshuab ntawm nws los ua ib tug tag nrho ntau yam uas tseem ceeb heev cov khoom. Carbon monoxide txawm hais tias hnub no yog xam tias yog ib tug dab tsi yeej ib txwm tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov xwm, tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li xws li, piv txwv li, cov pa roj carbon dioxide.

Yuam kev yog cov neeg uas ntseeg tau hais tias yog tsis muaj kev twb kev txuas ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide rau hauv cov xwm. CO yaj nyob rau hauv lub molten volcanic pob zeb nyob rau high school pressures nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb mantle. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa roj carbon oxides nyob rau hauv volcanic gases mas nws txawv ntawm tsawg tshaj li 0.01% mus rau 2%, nyob ntawm seb lub roob hluav taws. Txij li thaum tej yam ntuj tso no compound tsis yog ib tug qhov nqi, los yog ntsuas lub natural gas emissions yog tsis tau.

tshuaj zog

Carbon monoxide (CO mis) koom nesoleobrazuyuschim los yog tsis muaj ab tsi oxides. Txawm li cas los, nyob ib tug kub ntawm +200 ^o C nws reacts nrog sodium hydroxide. Thaum lub sij hawm no tshuaj txheej txheem yog lub tsim ntawm sodium formate:

NaOH + CO = HCOONa (formic acid ntsev).

Thaj chaw ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide raws li nws cov nyiaj kom dhau. Carbon Monoxide:

• yuav reacted nrog rau oxygen: 2CO + O ₂ = 2CO _2;
• muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm reacting nrog halogens: CO + Cl ₂ = COCl ₂ (phosgene);
• Nws muaj lub cim cuab yeej rov qab ntshiab co ntawm lawv oxides: Fe ₂ O ₃ + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO _2;
• txoj kev hlau carbonyls: Fe + 5CO = Fe (CO ) _5;
• txig soluble nyob rau hauv chloroform, acetic acid, ethanol, benzene thiab ammonium hydroxide.

Tus qauv ntawm lub molecule

Ob tug atoms ntawm uas, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog ib tug qauv ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide (CO), txuas triple daim ntawv cog lus. Ob tug ntawm lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov phiajcim p-electrons ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms nrog rau oxygen, thiab lub thib peb - ua tsaug rau lub tshwj xeeb mechanism vim free carbon 2p orbital thiab cov 2p-electron officers ntawm oxygen. Qhov no qauv qhia ib tug qauv ntawm siab zog.

Ib me ntsis keeb kwm

Aristotle ntawm ancient Greece piav cov tshuaj lom pa ua los ntawm burning thee. Tus heev mechanism ntawm txoj kev tuag yog tsis paub hais tias. Txawm li cas los, yog ib lub ancient txoj kev rau txim yog txhav tas tej teeb meem nrog rau cov kev cai lij choj nyob rau hauv lub chav chav tsev, nyob qhov twg lub hluav ncaig lawm. Cov Greek tus kws kho mob Galen tswv yim hais tias nyob rau hauv cov huab cua muaj tej yam kev hloov uas yuav ua mob tau yog tias nqus tau cov pa.

Thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog II lub ntiaj teb no, cov roj sib tov nrog impurities ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide, yog siv raws li ib tug roj rau tsheb nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw hauv lub ntiaj teb no, qhov twg muaj ib tug tsawg tus nqi ntawm cov roj av thiab diesel roj. lwm (nrog rau ib co kev zam) generators hluav ncaig los yog ntoo roj tau tsim, tab sis ib tug sib tov ntawm atmospheric nitrogen, carbon monoxide, thiab me me ntawm lwm yam gases txhab khoom mus rau cov roj tov. Qhov no yog qhov thiaj li hu ua ntoo roj.

Cov oxidation ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide ua nyob rau hauv ib nrab oxidation ntawm carbonaceous tebchaw. CO yog tsim thaum tsis txaus pa mus rau tsim cov pa roj carbon dioxide (CO _2), piv txwv li, thaum lub sij hawm kev lag luam ntawm lub cub tawg los nrog combustion engine nyob rau hauv ib tug uas xa tuaj nrog qhov chaw. Yog hais tias cov pa yog tam sim no, raws li zoo li ib co lwm yam atmospheric concentration ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide kub nyhiab, radiating xiav lub teeb, txoj kev ua carbon dioxide, lub npe hu ua carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide yog dav siv kom txog thaum lub 1960 ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem rau sab hauv teeb pom kev zoo chaw, ua noj ua haus thiab cua sov, nws tau nrog ib tug ib feem ntawm cov roj raws li qhov muaj feem thib tivthaiv. Ib txhia dab nyob rau hauv niaj hnub technologies xws li smelting hlau tseem tsim carbon monoxide raws li ib tug byproduct. Cov kev twb kev txuas nws tus kheej CO yog oxidized rau CO ₂ sov li chav nyob.

Puas muaj ib tug CO nyob rau hauv cov xwm?

Seb puas muaj cov pa roj carbon monoxide rau hauv cov xwm? Ib tug ntawm nws tej yam ntuj tso keeb kwm qhov chaw yog photochemical tshua nyob rau hauv lub troposphere. Cov dab yuav tsum tau muaj peev xwm mus tsim kwv yees li 5 × ¹⁰ Hlis ntuj nqeg kg agents e; ODAY. Cov lwm qhov chaw, raws li hais saum toj no, yog volcanoes, hav zoov hluav taws kub thiab lwm yam kev combustion.

molecular zog

Carbon monoxide muaj ib tug hniav puas loj ntawm 28,0, uas ua rau nws me ntsis tsawg tuab dua cov pa. Daim ntawv cog lus ntev ntawm ob atoms - 112,8 micrometers. Nws yuav zoo txaus los mus muab ib yam ntawm cov muaj zog tshuaj bonds. Ob leeg hais nyob rau hauv nrog CO muaj txog 10 electrons nyob rau hauv lub valence plhaub ntawm ib tug.

Raws li ib tug txoj cai, cov organic carbonyl tebchaw muaj yog ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm lub CO molecule yog dab tsi tshwm sim ntawm atoms muaj zog triple daim ntawv cog lus qhia electrons nrog 6 3 txuam molecular orbitals. Txij li thaum plaub ntawm lub qhia electrons xeeb los ntawm ib tug oxygen atom thiab 2 tsuas yog los ntawm cov pa roj carbon, ib tug nyob los ntawm cov ob tug kab mob orbital electrons ntawm O _2, txoj kev ua ib tug dipole los yog dative daim ntawv cog lus. Qhov no ua rau C ← O polarization ntawm molecules nrog ib tug me me xwb "-" rau cov pa roj carbon thiab ib tug me me xwb "+" nyob rau lub oxygen.

Qhov seem ob kab orbitals yog nyob los ntawm ib tug them particle ntawm cov pa roj carbon thiab ib cov pa. Cov qauv yog asymmetric: oxygen muaj ib tug ntau dua electron ceev tshaj carbon thiab tseem me ntsis zoo them, muab piv nrog ib tug tsis zoo carbon.

txais tos

Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, muab cov pa roj carbon monoxide CO nws yog nqa tawm los ntawm cua sov rau cov pa roj carbon dioxide tsis muaj kev nkag ntawm huab cua los yog dej vapor nrog thee:

CO ₂ + C = 2CO;

H ₂ O + C = CO + H _2.

Cov yav tas yog tseem hu ua lub resulting sib tov yog chav los yog synthesis roj. Nyob rau hauv laboratory tej yam kev mob, carbon monoxide II los ntawm subjecting cov organic acid feeb meej sulfuric acid, uas ua raws li ib tug dehydrating neeg sawv cev:

HCOOH = CO + H ₂ O;

H ₂ C ₂ O ₄ = CO ₂ + H ₂ O.

Lub ntsiab tsos mob thiab kev pab nrog CO lom

Puas carbon monoxide lom? Yog, thiab muaj zog heev. Carbon monoxide lom yog lub feem ntau tshwm sim tag nrho cov thoob lub ntiaj teb. Feem ntau cov tsos mob yog:

• ib tug zoo nkaus li tsis muaj zog;
• xeev siab;
• kiv taub hau;
• qaug zog;
• txob taus;
• cov neeg pluag qab los noj mov;
• mob taub hau;
• tsis meej pem;
• qhov muag plooj tsis pom kev;
• ntuav;
• tsaus muag;
• convulsions.

Raug no lom roj yuav ua rau kuv haj puas tsuaj, uas muaj peev xwm feem ntau yuav ua rau kom ntev-lub sij hawm mob pathological tej yam kev mob. Carbon monoxide yog muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj mob loj heev kev puas tsuaj rau lub fetus ntawm ib tug cev xeeb tub poj niam. Cov neeg raug, piv txwv li, tom qab ib tug tua hluav taws, yuav tsum tau muab tam sim ntawd kev pab. ib qho mob ceev yuav tsum tau hu rau ib tug tsheb thauj neeg mob, muab kev nkag mus rau huab cua ntshiab, huv si khaub ncaws hampering ua tsis taus pa, ntxias kom zoo siab, sov so. Loj lom feem ntau yog kho xwb nyob rau hauv lub saib xyuas ntawm cov kws kho mob nyob rau hauv lub tsev kho mob.

daim ntawv thov

Carbon monoxide yog, raws li twb tau hais, yog tshuaj lom thiab txaus ntshai, tab sis nws yog ib tug ntawm cov yooj yim tebchaw uas yog siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub kev lag luam rau organic synthesis. CO yog siv los tsim ntshiab co, carbonyls, phosgene, carbon sulfide, methyl cawv, formamide, uas muaj ntxhiab aldehydes, formic acid. Qhov no tshuaj yog tseem siv tau raws li cov roj. Txawm tias nws toxicity thiab toxicity, nws yog feem ntau siv raws li ib tug raw khoom rau cov ntau yam tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam.

Carbon monoxide thiab cov pa roj carbon dioxide: dab tsi yog qhov txawv?

Monoxide thiab cov pa roj carbon dioxide (CO thiab CO ₂₎ yog feem ntau yuam kev rau txhua lwm yam. Ob gases yog ntxhiab, tsis muaj kob, thiab ob leeg muaj ib yam tsis zoo rau cov hlab plawv system. Ob gases yuav nkag mus rau lub cev los ntawm nqus tau pa, daim tawv nqaij thiab qhov muag. Cov tebchaw thaum raug muaj sia nyob qhia ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tsos mob - mob taub hau, kiv taub hau, convulsions thiab hallucinations. Feem ntau cov neeg tsis yog ua kom lub sib txawv thiab tsis paub tias tsheb cov pa tso pa tawm txim liab li CO, thiab CO _2. Hauv lub nce nyob rau hauv lub concentration ntawm cov gases yuav ua tau tej rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv thiab kev nyab xeeb, raug rau lawv cawv. Yuav ua li cas yog qhov txawv?

Thaum END ntawm neb ob leeg yuav tsum tuag. Qhov txawv lus dag nyob rau hauv uas lub CO ₂ yog ib qho natural gas, tsim nyog rau tag nrho cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj lub neej. CO tsis yog commonplace. Qhov no by-product oxygen-free combustion. Cov tseem ceeb heev tshuaj sib txawv ua uas CO ₂ muaj ib tug carbon atom thiab ob oxygen atom, whereas xwb CO lawv ib tug los ntawm ib tug. Carbon dioxide yog uas tsis yog-flammable, thaum monoxide yog feem ntau yuav txais taws zoo.

Carbon dioxide yog lawm nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, cov neeg thiab cov tsiaj ua pa oxygen thiab exhaled carbon dioxide, i.e. beings nws yuav mas ib tug me me npaum li cas. Qhov no gas yog tseem yuav tsum tau rau photosynthesis los ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Txawm li cas los, cov pa roj carbon monoxide tsis tshwm sim lawm nyob rau hauv cov cua, thiab tej zaum yuav ua rau muaj mob txawm nyob rau hauv uas tsis muaj ntau. Ob leeg roj ceev no kuj sib txawv. Carbon dioxide yog hnyav zog thiab ntau tuab dua cov pa, thaum carbon monoxide yog ib tug yooj yim me ntsis. Qhov no peculiarity yog muab rau tus account nyob rau hauv kev tsim kom muaj qhov kev tsim nyog sensors nyob rau hauv lub tsev.