Yuav ua li cas yog stylistically dawb lias lus? stylistic coloring

Lawv mus rau lub ceg ntawm science uas tseem ua hauj lwm nrog txoj kev kawm ntawm cov differentiated kev siv cov lus nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas lus, raws li tau zoo raws li muab paub nrog regards rau cov lus nws tus kheej, thiab tsim nyog txhais tau tias tsim nyog rau nws siv. Nws hu ua "lub style" thiab nws cov thawj ntawm yog rhetoric (tej uas yus hnov tswvyim), uas hais txog heev dua lwm yam nrog pej xeem hais lus style. Cov style ntawm science npog tag nrho cov tshuab ntawm kev hais lus txhais tau tias. Nws yog zoo ntawm kev qhuab qhia nrog regards mus rau lub zoo tshaj plaws cov ntaub ntawv qhia ntawm txoj kev xav thiab txoj kev xav.

Yuav ua li cas yog stylistically dawb lias lus?

Lawv tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv ib yeej, xws li:

1. Kev paub cov ntsiab lus. Nws muaj xws li cov lo lus uas yog siv nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv, science thiab technology (e.g., ntau yam, laser thiab thiaj li nyob. D.).
2. Nom tswv lexicon. Ntawm no yog cov lus siv nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug thiab nom tswv teb (tus neeg sib tw, tswv yim sib cav, xav thiab thiaj li nyob. N.).
3. Sib tham cov ntsiab lus. Nws yog sawv cev los ntawm lo lus, uas yog siv feem ntau nyob rau hauv domestic kev sib txuas lus, ncauj (loj duab, thiab Inet t. D.). Raws li ib feem ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab nws yog siv rau cov characterization ntawm lub ntsiab cim.

Summing li saum toj no, peb yuav qhia hais tias qhov no yog stylistically pleev xim rau lo lus. Cov no yog cov lus uas tau ntxiv tus nqi, precisely ntau, lawv hu tus kwv thiab kis tau nws mus rau cov kev ntsuam xyuas (kev tsis saib xyuas, kev pom zoo, irony, thiab hais txog. P.), Raws li tau zoo raws li tej yam cwj pwm txawv ntawm nws.

Hom stylistic coloring

Nws muaj xws li ob lub Cheebtsam:

1. Kev-lub hom phiaj stylistic coloring (coloration ntawm ib tug neeg rau lwm ib hom lus), uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog muab faib mus rau hauv peb lub ntsiab hom:

• sib tham;
• phau ntawv no;
• nruab nrab.

Thawj ob hom yuav ua tau:

- grammatical ntaub ntawv (e.g., ntawv cog lus (nruab nrab) - Daim ntawv cog lus (kev sib tham);

- ib lo lus (piv txwv li, qhov chaw (nruab nrab) - qhov chaw (phau ntawv);

- idioms (e.g., ncab ob txhais ceg (kev sib tham) - mus so kawg pw tsaug zog (phau ntawv);

- proposals (piv txwv li, vim hais tias ntawm tsis-ya huab cua tej yam kev mob, lub davhlau yog ncua (nruab nrab) - vim hais tias ntawm pos huab, kuv tsis ya deb (colloquial).

2. hais tawm-stylistic coloring kev luj xyuas (tsis muaj losis tswvyim dabtsi rau ib tug style, muaj nyob rau hauv lo lus) muaj xws li peb hom:

• txo;
• nce;
• nruab nrab.

Piv txwv li: lub neej (nruab nrab) - zhituha (txo) - lub neej (nce).

Nruab nrab thiab stylistically pleev xim rau lo lus

Cov lus ntawm cov zajlus lus yuav subdivided rau hauv ob lub ntsiab Cheebtsam: stylistically kob thiab nruab nrab cov ntsiab lus.

Nruab nrab cov lo lus - lus uas tsis khi rau ib yam ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm yeej ntawm kev hais lus, uas yog, lawv yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv tej system ntawm kev hais lus txhais tau tias, vim hais tias lawv yog kev paub qhia lo thiab sab kev xav dawb lias. Txawm li cas los, cov lus no muaj stylistic txhais (conversational, phau ntawv, vernacular).

Raws li M. V. Lomonosova kev tshawb xav ( "Peb calms"), tag nrho cov lwm yam lus yog tog twg los siab hais lus chaw muab kev pab (e.g., kev so, thiab teb t. D.) Los yog yuav tsis tshua muaj (e.g., lwm hnub, lub plab thiab m. N ) ..

Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, muaj cov lo lus hais (grey gelding, tsyts, etc ...) Thiab cov phau ntawv, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog muab faib mus rau hauv lub nram qab no:

• official ua lag ua luam (neeg ua hauj lwm, raws tu qauv, etc ...);
• paub cov ntsiab lus hauv cov ntawv nyeem (ob lub qhov muag, magenta, etc ...);
• SF (cathetus, thesis, thiab lwm yam ...);
• publicistic (teb neeg ua hauj lwm, teg num, thiab hais txog. p.).

Qhia lus style

Ob tug ntawm lawv, nyob rau hauv particular:

• lus stylistics;
• style ntawm kev hais lus (functional stylistics).

Tus thawj coj yog kawm stylistic txhais tau tias ntawm cov lo lus, cov qauv sau ntawv thiab phraseology thiab stylistic qauv ntawm cov lus.

Ob - ntau yam ntawm kev hais lus thiab lawv yuav tsum vam rau ntau yam cov nqe lus ntawm cov hom phiaj.

Kwm Stylistics yuav tsum muaj lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm taub hau thiab functionality thiab kev cuam tshuam cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm ntau hom ntawm kev hais lus rau lub hom phiaj ntawm hais tias, nws kev kawm, tej yam kev mob ntawm kev sib txuas lus, tus sau txoj kev xav thiab hais lus los ntawm lub ADDRESSEE.

Nws tseem ceeb tshaj plaws pawg yog cov haumxeeb yeej (ntau ntau yam ntawm tus txheej txheem lus, uas pab ntau yam ntawm kev sib raug zoo lub neej).

Yeej - sib txawv ob peb ua ke ntawm cov lus siv nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txuas lus. Txhua system hais lus txhais tau tias yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug originality thov lus pab, raws li zoo raws li lawv thaum lawv tseem cim ntawm txhua lwm yam.

Yog li, nws yog tsim nyog los npaj ib tug txhais ntawm yog dab tsi yog ib tug kwm stylistics. Qhov no, saum toj no tag nrho, ib ceg lug uas kawm tau qhov sib txawv yeej (lus, kev hais lus, ib hom ntawv nyeem, thiab lwm yam). Tsis tas li ntawd qhov kev kawm ntawm nws kev tshawb fawb yog lub siab ntsws, kev paub qhia lo thiab evaluative thaj chaw ntawm cov lus units nyob rau hauv paradigmatic lus (tsis pub dhau lub system ntawm hom lus), thiab lub syntagmatic nam (nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev sib txuas lus).

Tus qauv ntawm qhov suav hais tias seem lug

Cov style ntawm lub neej tshiab nimno Lavxias teb sab lus muaj peb lub ntsiab qhov chaw:

1. style ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, uas tshuaj xyuas nws cov internal qauv thiab tsis lus ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lub ntsiab lus (lub hom phiaj, kev kawm thiab thiaj li nyob. D.) Nrog ib hom lus qhia.

Rau seem no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los mus tsim cov ntawv nyeem, tus sis ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv hais, lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm daim ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus, tej yam uas cov tham intentions ntawm tus sau thiab tus ADDRESSEE, raws li zoo raws li tej yam uas yuav tsum muaj yam. Nyob rau hauv kev, ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm no yog ua si los ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm kev qhia tawm ntawm cov kev tham kev pab raws qib.

2. Kev stylistics yog teem rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm uas twb muaj lawm txoj kev ntawm txoj kev siv ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv ib spheres ntawm tib neeg kev ua si (administrative, kev cai lij choj, kev, socio-thoj, thiab thiaj li nyob).

3. Cov style kev pab (tswv yim stylistics) yog koom nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus pab nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lawv stylistic coloring (kev xav kev paub qhia lo thiab haumxeeb-style). Nws examines yam nrog regards rau kev siv ntawm chav nyob ntawm cov lus raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm kev qhia cov kev qhia ntawm tej kev xav, cwj pwm txawv, thiab cov ntaub ntawv hloov lwm lub tsev.

Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov style ntawm lub neej tshiab nimno Lavxias teb sab lus, raws li tau zoo raws li lub kab lis kev cai ntawm kev hais lus thiab rhetoric kawm tej teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau cov neeg kawm ntawv cov lus siv thiab cov lag luam thiab nws cov nyiaj nyob rau hauv hais lus kev sib txuas lus. Nws tus paj laum nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem nrog regards rau ntau haiv neeg thiab expressiveness ntawm kev hais lus.

Yog li, deciphering tag nrho cov seem ntawm cov style yuav sau ua ke raws li nws cov ntsiab lus. Raws li stylistic encyclopedic phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab lus, nws yog ib tug ceg lug uas kawm cov lus muaj peev xwm ntawm nws txhais tau tias ntawm kev qhia thiab tej ntsiab cai ntawm ua tau hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg kev ua si.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswv yim style

Firstly, nws muaj xws li kev xov xwm nrog regards rau lus yeej. Ob txhais, cov tswv yim stylistics muaj xws li ib tug soj ntsuam ntawm kev paub qhia lo lub siab lub ntsws coloring ntawm uas twb muaj lawm kev pab ntawm cov lus. Thirdly, seem no muaj ib tug yaj ntawm cov lus pab.

Central qhov chaw yog muab mus rau yav tas, li ntawd, raws li:

• nyob rau hauv cov lus feem ntau tsis muaj tsis txhais;
• synonymous variations yuav tsum nco ntsoov sib haum mus rau kev sau ntawv cai;
• Nws tso cai rau kev sib piv ntawm txhais raws li cov kev kawm ntawm lawv lub neej nyob rau tib lub sij hawm thiab nyob rau hauv lub zwj ceeb ntawm lawv evolution.

Nws tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub tswv yim siv ntawm stylistic grammatical thiab lexical kev pab ntawm cov lus.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov evolution ntawm style

Raws li hais ua ntej lawm, tus thawj ntawm cov niaj hnub hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov style twb ancient thiab medieval poetics thiab rhetoric. Tus thawj twb pom raws li qhov kev kawm ntawm cov paj huam, thiab lub thib ob - tus science ntawm tej uas yus hnov, central uas yog koom nyob rau hauv cov kev qhia txog lus qhia raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev xaiv ntawm tej lo lus, lawv cov nqe lus thiab cov nuj nqis ntawm kev hais lus.

Tsis pub dhau lub moj khaum ntawm Lavxias teb sab stylistics tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm rau lub hom phiaj ntawm yeej thawj Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij-naturalist M. V. Lomonosova.

Lub sij hawm originated nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo. dua li tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv German romantic, thiab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua, npaj siab scientific ua neeg ncajncees style ( "style Philosophy" Herbert Spencer (1852) thiab Heymann Steinthal (1866).

Tsim ntawm style tau pw nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm AA thiab A Potebni Veselovsky ( "Los ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm lub epithet").

Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau nqaim kev txiav txim zoo (raws li cov kev kho ntawm cov ntsiab ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv ib tug hais lus nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub morpheme rau tag nrho cov kab lus), qhov no ceg lug thov American piav txog kev kawm yam lus (40-50-ies. Lub XX-th xyoo pua.).

Nyob rau hauv ib tug dav heev kev txiav txim zoo, rau hauv cov style twb to taub los ntawm niaj hnub English linguistics cov ntawv nyeem. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov txuam cov tswv yim zoo li variation thiab txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev xaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab txoj kev ntawm tus neeg sau ntawm cov ntawv nyeem los sis hais lus tau zoo heev ua txhaum, li ntawd, nws pom tias ntau nrog cov qauv sau ntawv (text stylistics).

Raws li cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub txuam ntawv nyeem ntxiv-ntseeg cuav thaum ub lus subsystems ( "code", cov lus, thiab thiaj li nyob. D.) Style yog tsim los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Prague lus tsev kawm ntawv yog keeb kwm ntau npaum li cas ua ntej lawm (30-40-ies. Lub XX-th xyoo pua.). Ntawm no tag nrho hais lus ua (qhov ncauj los sis sau ntawv) yog to taub raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug xaiv los ntawm cov lus ntawm tej lus ntaub ntawv xws li pre-muab lub sij hawm rau cov lus (grammatical, syntactic, phonetic, lexical). Raws li zoo raws li ib tug ua ke ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kev hais lus txoj cai, ntawm chav kawm, nyob ntawm seb nws "muaj nuj nqi".

Lub hauv paus ntawm no hom ntawm kev txhais ntawm cov style yog lub tswvyim ntawm "tej" ( "Kev sib txuas lus") style ntawm kev hais lus. Nws tuaj nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim ntawm Charles Bally: nyob rau hauv cov lus yog concentrated ntau synonymous cov ntaub ntawv, ua ke nrog lawv cov kab, ib tug ntawm cov uas yog "cov tom qab tsis", thiab tus so yog ntawm qhov ntau ntxiv xim - stylistic.

Kev Cai rau kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm lub stylistic paub cov ntsiab lus

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ob ntawm lawv tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv particular:

1. Kuaj pom los yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm cov lo lus teej tug mus rau ib tug kev haumxeeb style ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus.
2. Lub xub ntiag ntawm lub siab lub ntsws coloring ntawm kev hais lus (paub qhia tej lo possibilities lus units).

Cov kev xav ntawm stylistic connotations

Stylistic ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus - yog cov cuab yeej ntawm cov ntsiab lus los suab daim ntawv ib tug lus unit, uas txwv nws siv ib lub style. Nws muaj lwm lub npe - tus connotation (connotation).

Heev feem ntau, muaj tej lub sij hawm thaum nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau paub qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm tus stylistic thiab lexical ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus units. Piv txwv li, cov lus xws li lub hauv pliaj, lub puab tsaig thiab daim di ncauj yog lub anatomical tswv yim (ib feem ntawm lub pob txha taub hau, qhov chaw ntawm lub ntsej muag, daim tawv nqaij-nqaij folds), thiab cov coj tserkovnoslavyanizmy (lub hauv pliaj, lub puab tsaig, thiab daim di ncauj) - "reservoir ntawm lub tswv yim", "qhov chaw ntawm has lug hab txawj ntse."

Yog li ntawd, peb yuav hais tias nyob ntawm no merges nrog rau cov connotation ntawm lub lexical ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus. Txawm li cas los semantic txawv stylistic embodiments yuav ua tau tsawg heev (e.g., Breg - puam, coldness - txias, etc ...). Nyob rau hauv no kev twb kev txuas, peb yuav xaiv ib tug stylistic feature qhov tseem ceeb li kev ywj pheej.

Cheebtsam connotations

Peb ntawm lawv:

1. Kev-style. Nws nyiaj thiab lub sij lub tsev ntawm qhov lus teej tug mus rau ib tug kev style.
2. Xav-kwv yees li. Qhov no feature tsim ib tug kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus qhia rau tus hais lus kwv.
3. Kev paub qhia lo (kev paub qhia lo). Nws qhia tau hais tias lub siab xav ntawm cov lus qhia, yog li mus hais lus, "beautify" nws. Generalized expressivity yuav tsum to taub raws li muab kho dua rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov lo lus (kev twb kev txuas ntawm cov nqi thiab lub suab).

Lub stylistic nta cov lus units

Ib tug ntau ntawm lawv, txawm li cas los, txiav txim siab los faib li nram qab no:

• puag:

- tham muaj nuj nqi (kev sib txuas lus);

- kev txawj ntse (thought txheej txheem).

• thawj;
• derivatives (ib nrab).

Stylistic nta ntawm cov lo lus (cov lus) yog muab faib ua peb pawg:

• nominative (los ntawm phenomena thiab cov khoom ntawm extralinguistic kev muaj tiag);
• lub siab lub ntsws (kev qhia txog lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus qhia rau tus hais lus kwv);
• conative (orientation txheeb ze mus rau lub interlocutor).

Basic zog yog feem ntau xa mus rau raws li cov kev lus, uas manifest lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv tej xov tooj ntawm cov nqe lus (tsis muaj kev siv rau tus stylistic koom).

Clichés thiab kantselyarizmy

Yuav ua li cas yog stylistically pleev xim rau cov lus, yav tas los sib tham, nws yog tam sim no muaj nqis deal nrog uas tsis yog tshwm sim los ntawm lawv unjustified siv. Kev mloog yog them mus rau lub hom lus units, uas yog kev cob cog rua nrog lub official style.

Nws hais muaj nyob rau hauv lub stylistically tsis tsim nyog rau lawv cov ntsiab lus teb, hu ua kantselyarizmami ( "Lavxias teb sab lus chav kawm ntawv 10"). Nws yog ib nqi yuav tsum nco ntsoov hais tias qhov no lub sij hawm xa mus rau kev hais lus nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv tus neeg mob qhov twg lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv tus hais lus, uas yog tsis ua txhua yam los ntawm cov qauv ntawm no style.

Los ntawm phraseological thiab lexical kantselyarizmam txais mus rau lo lus (kab lus) muaj feem ntau raug rau cov system suab coloring agents (e.g., rau cov tsis muaj, yog tias muaj, mus txeeb thiab m. P.). Lawv siv ua ib feem ntawm no style ua rau nws stylistically understated.

Nws yog ib nqi hais qhia rau hais tias xws li stylistically pleev xim rau lo lus - lus units nrog ntxiv tus nqi.

Cawv ntawm hauj style zoo qhia siv clichés (keywords uas tau txais heev thoob plaws, thiab kab zauv uas tau ploj erased semantics thiab lub siab lub ntsws). Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib ntau yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus, feem ntau siv qhia "tau sau npe" ( "The pob, uas yoov rau hauv lub hom phiaj, tau txais ib tug qhov chaw nyob daim ntawv tso cai nyob rau hauv lub rooj", "Aphrodite los ua ib tug mus tas sau ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej sau, yog li nws tau txais ib tug qhov chaw nyob daim ntawv tso cai nyob rau hauv peb lub nroog").

Stamp kuj yuav muaj feem ntau pheej rov qab ua tus hais lus, piv txwv li formulaic metaphors (lub ntsiab txhais ntawm uas tau poob lawv cov paj lug quab yuam vim lub tas mus li siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev sib tham). Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim style no lub sij hawm muaj ib tug ntau nqaim txhais: nws yog stereotyped kab zauv muaj clerical xim ( "Lavxias teb sab lus chav kawm ntawv 10").

Ntau yam lus nyob rau hauv lub undefined nqi, yuav tau ua raws li clichés (xws li, tus naj npawb, qhov teeb meem, deploy, txhais, ce, nqa tawm cais, thiab thiaj li nyob).

Lawv yuav tsum tau txawv los ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua locales (txhais tau tias ntawm qhia tias yog nws mus rau hauv hais lus, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub journalistic style).

Cov no muaj xws li ib tug ua ke ntawm muaj ib tug ruaj khov cim (cov kev ua hauj lwm muab kev pab, pej xeem sector neeg ua hauj lwm, thoob ntiaj teb humanitarian kev pab thiab thiaj li nyob. D.). Lawv yog lug siv los ntawm neeg sau xov xwm vim lub fact tias nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau lossi reinvent fundamentally tshiab txhais tau tias kev qhia.