Artillery - tus vaj tswv ua tsov ua rog? Artillery Ob txhais ntiaj teb

"Lub artillery - tus vaj tswv ua tsov ua rog" - yog ib zaug qhia I. V. Stalin, hais lus txog ib yam ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hom ntawm pab tub rog. Nrog rau cov lus, nws twb sim mus sab laj txog cov tseem ceeb heev uas muaj tej riam phom thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog. Thiab qhov no daim ntawv qhia no yeej muaj tseeb, raws li cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm cov artillery tsis tau overestimated. Nws lub dag lub zog pub Soviet rog kev khuv leej smash cov yeeb ncuab thiab txoj kev ua tus ntshaw Great yeej.

Tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm yuav muab suav hais tias los ntawm lub artillery ntawm lub ntiaj teb ob, uas yog ces nyob rau hauv kev pab cuam ntawm Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab lub Soviet Union, pib nrog lub teeb anti-tank phom thiab xaus superheavy phom-monsters.

anti-tank phom

Raws li keeb kwm ntawm lub ob ntiaj teb rog, lub teeb phom los thiab loj muaj pov thawj zoo puas tiv thaiv armored tsheb. Qhov tseeb hais tias lawv feem ntau yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub interwar xyoo, thiab muaj peev xwm mas tsuas muaj zog tiv thaiv ntawm cov thawj armored tsheb. Tab sis ua ntej thaum pib ntawm lub ntiaj teb ob Technology yog sai modernize. Armor tso tsheb hlau luam ua ntau thicker, thiaj li muaj ntau hom riam phom twb hopelessly outdated.

Lub sij hawm ntawm tshwm sim ntawm hnyav khoom nyob deb outstripped txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab tiam ntawm cov phom. Rab phom crews, uas tau muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub battlefields, rau nws surprise, pom hais tias lawv precision-guided cuaj luaj tsis tau ntaus lub tso tsheb hlau luam. Artillery yog powerless ua dab tsi. Zoo li tsuas bounced tawm lub armored corps, tsis ua rau lawv raug mob.

Tua ntau nyob rau hauv lub teeb anti-tank phom yog tsis muaj, vim li ntawd lub phom neeg coob yuav tsum tau fend rau lawv tus kheej rau tus yeeb ncuab yog ib yam nkaus thiab ze ze rau ntaus nws tseeb. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, qhov no lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II artillery tau raug thawb rau hauv lub keeb kwm yav dhau thiab siv raws li ib tug tua hluav taws cov nyiaj them yug ntawm infantry raws li qhov tshwm sim.

teb artillery

Tus ceev thiab siab tshaj plaws davhlau ntau yam ntawm teb artillery zoo li nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm muaj ib tug zoo feem nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si rau hauv kev npaj ntawm offensive ua hauj lwm thiab cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm cov kev tiv thaiv kev ntsuas. Gunfire es cov dawb zog ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, thiab yuav kiag li puas tag nrho cov mov kab. Nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb lub sij hawm ntawd ntawm sib ntaus sib tua artillery (duab koj yuav pom nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm) yog feem ntau tau cawm nws pab tub rog thiab pab kom yeej lub yeej. Piv txwv li, thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog nyob rau hauv Fabkis nyob rau hauv 1940, lub teb chaws Yelemees thov nws 105-millimeter phom leFH 18. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia hais tias lub Germans feem ntau tuaj tawm victorious nyob rau hauv artillery duels nrog yeeb ncuab roj teeb.

Teb phom, lub yav tas los ntawm lub Red Army, tau sawv cev 76,2 hli phom nyob rau hauv 1942 tso tawm. Nws muaj ib tug heev siab muzzle tshaj tawm, uas ua rau nws kuj yooj yim mus ua txhaum los ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm German armor. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub Soviet phom ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv muaj txaus khwv kom bombard cov khoom los ntawm ib tug deb paaj rau lawv. Tus kws txiav txim rau koj tus kheej: qhov kev ncua deb uas yuav ya puag ncig, feem ntau ntau tshaj 12 km! Qhov no pub Soviet commanders nrog tej thaj chaw deb defensive txaus qhia tabkaum tus yeeb ncuab ua ntej.

Ib tug interesting tseeb yog tias nyob rau hauv 1942, cov phom ntawm tus qauv rau lub sij hawm ntawm ob ntiaj teb rog tau tso ib tug ntau ntau tshaj tus so ntawm cov riam phom ntawm tib hom. Kuj ceeb tias, ib co ntawm cov ntawv luam, thiab tseem nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab tub rog.

mortars

Tej zaum cov feem ntau pheej yig thiab siv tau infantry kev pab txhawb nqa riam phom twb mortars. Lawv yog zoo kawg nkaus ua ke zog xws li ntau yam thiab firepower, li ntawd, lawv siv tau muaj peev xwm mus hloov cov hoob kawm ntawm tag nrho cov yeeb ncuab offensive.

German pab tub rog feem ntau siv 80mm "Granatverfer-34." Qhov no ua tsov rog tau nyiaj notoriety ntawm cov allied troops ntawm cov kev kub ceev thiab huab precision firing. Dhau li nws shooting deb ntawm 2,400 m.

Red Army siv rau hluav taws kub pab txhawb nqa ntawm lawv cov infantry hli 120 M1938, nkag mus hauv kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv 1939. Nws yog tus thawj ntawm lub mortars nrog ib tug caliber uas tau puas tau ua thiab siv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no xyaum. Thaum lub German pab tub rog ntsib nrog tej riam phom nyob rau hauv battlefield, lawv menyuam nws lub hwj chim, thiab ces pib nyob rau hauv ntau lawm thiab twb xws li "Granatverfer-42." M1932 tiv kev txom nyem 285 kg thiab muaj lub heaviest views mortar uas muaj infantry luag nrog nws tus kheej. Ua li no nws los yog rhuav rau hauv ob peb qhov chaw, los yog kuag rau ib tug tshwj xeeb trolley. Nws shooting ntau yog 400 m qis tshaj hais tias ntawm lub German "Granatverfera-34."

self-propelled tsev

Nyob rau hauv thawj lub lim piam ntawm kev tsov rog, nws tau los ua tseeb hais tias cov infantry yog tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv kev xav tau ntawm ib tug txhim khu kev qha hluav taws them nyiaj yug. Lub German armed forces muaj ces yuav tsum ib qho chaw khuam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug zoo-fortified txaus thiab ib tug loj concentration ntawm cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog. Ces lawv txiav txim siab los ntxiv dag zog nws mobile hluav taws txhawb nqa artillery self-propelled 105 hli installation "Vespa", hoisted rau ib tug tank chassis PzKpfw II. Lwm yam xws riam phom - "Hummel" - yog ib feem ntawm lub motorized thiab tank kev sib cais txij thaum 1942.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub Red Army nyob armed self-propelled phom SU-76 phom, 76,2 hli. Nws twb mounted rau ib tug hloov chassis ntawm ib lub teeb tank T-70. Xub thawj, lub SU-76 yuav tsum tau siv raws li ib tug tank destroyer, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm nws daim ntawv thov tau pom tau hais tias nws yuav tsum tau ua heev me ntsis firepower.

Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1943, Soviet troops tau txais lub tsheb tshiab - ISU-152. Nws twb nruab nrog ib tug 152.4-hli howitzer thiab twb npaj rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm tso tsheb hlau luam thiab mobile artillery thiab infantry hluav taws them nyiaj yug. Ua ntej, ib rab phom mounted rau ib tug tank chassis HF-1, thiab ces rau IC. Nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus los, qhov no ua tsov rog tau muaj pov thawj mus yuav li ntawd zoo uas yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab nrog lub Soviet pab tub rog, raws li zoo raws li lub Warsaw Pact lub teb chaws mus rau lub 70-ies ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo.

Soviet hnyav artillery

Qhov no zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm hostilities thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog. Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm uas twb muaj lawm artillery ces muaj nyob rau hauv cov tub rog liab, yog howitzer M1931 B-4 caliber ntawm 203 hli. Thaum lub Soviet troops pib qeeb ceev ceev ua ntej ntawm lub German invaders ntawm nws cov liaj ia tebchaws thiab ua tsov ua rog nyob rau hauv lub Eastern Pem hauv ntej los ua ntau zoo li qub xwm, hnyav artillery yog, raws li lawv hais tias, nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw.

Tab sis lub developers yeej ib txwm nrhiav txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws kev xaiv. Lawv ua hauj lwm yog los mus tsim ib lub cuab tam, uas yuav tau sib haum xeeb zoo yam ntxwv xws li cov uas tsis muaj ceeb thawj, yog zoo ntau yam thiab heaviest projectiles. Thiab qhov no ua tsov rog twb tsim. Lawv tau los ua tus 152-millimeter howitzer ML-20. Ib me ntsis tom qab los ntawm lub Soviet troops tau txais ntau modernized riam phom M1943 nrog tib caliber, tab sis, nrog weighted chim thiab ib tug loj muzzle nres.

Kws muaj txuj ci tuam txhab uas muag ntawm lub Soviet Union tsim ib tug loj loj tog thaum xws howitzers, uas coj mus rau tus yeeb ncuab massed hluav taws. Artillery cia devastated lub German txaus qhia, thiab yog li plucked cov yeeb ncuab offensive lub hom phiaj. Ib qho piv txwv yog lub lag luam "Cua daj", uas yog ntse nqa tawm nyob rau hauv 1942. Nws tshwm sim yog lub encirclement ntawm Stalingrad, lub German 6 Army. Rau nws cov kev ua tau zoo tau siv ntau tshaj li 13 txhiab. Phom ntawm ntau hom. Unprecedented hwj chim ntawm artillery kev npaj preceded tus nres. Nws yog nws leej twg pab zoo heev rau cov ceev ceev ua ntej ntawm Soviet armored rog thiab infantry.

German hnyav riam phom

Raws li Versailles Treaty tom qab lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog kuv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees muaj banned phom nrog ib tug caliber ntawm 150 mm los yog ntau tshaj. Yog li ntawd txawj khov "Krupp" muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tsim ib tug tshiab phom, yuav tsum tau tsim ib tug hnyav teb howitzer sFH 18 149.1-hli chim, muaj raws ntawm ib tug raj, thiab breech casing.

Thaum pib ntawm tsov rog lub German hnyav howitzer taug kev nrog nees traction. Tab sis tom qab ntawd nws yog ib tug modernized version ntawm twb dragged ib nrab-khiav tsheb laij teb, ua rau nws ntau npaum li cas mobile. Lub German pab tub rog tau ntse thov nws mus rau lub Eastern Pem hauv ntej. Los ntawm kawg ntawm tsov rog howitzer sFH 18 mounted rau ib tug tank chassis. Yog li ntawd, kuv tau nws tus kheej-propelled phom, "Hummel."

Soviet Katyusha

Missile troops thiab artillery - yog ib tug ntawm cov kev sib cais ntawm thaj av rog. Kev siv cov cuaj luaj thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog yog mas vim loj-scale sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv lub Eastern Pem hauv ntej. Haib rockets hluav taws them nws loj cheeb tsam tshaj offset ib co inaccuracy ntawm unguided riam phom. Piv nrog rau cov pa cuaj luaj cuaj luaj nqi nws yog tsawg npaum li cas, kuj ua rau lawv sai sai heev. Lwm zoo dua yog qhov txheeb ze simplicity ntawm lawv lub lag luam.

Soviet foob pob ua ntxaij artillery thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog siv lub 132-millimeter tus neeg zoo li ntawm M-13. Lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1930 thiab nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, raws li cov Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees rov cov Soviet Union, nyob rau hauv heev me me qhov ntau. Cov cuaj luaj yog tej zaum cov feem ntau nto moo ntawm tag nrho cov neeg zoo li siv thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog. Zuj zus lawv tsim lawv cov khoom, thiab los ntawm tus kawg ntawm 1941, M-13 twb siv nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv cov Nazis.

Kuv yuav tsum hais tias lub missile troops thiab artillery ntawm lub Red Army, cov Germans plunged rau hauv ib tug poob siab uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm lub unprecedented lub hwj chim thiab tus ntawm cov cov tshiab riam phom. Launchers BM-13-16 tau muab tso rau cov tsheb thauj khoom thiab ntsia muaj 16 rounds. Tom qab ntawd, cov missile systems yuav muab hu ua "Katyusha". Thaum lub sij hawm lawv tau upgraded ob peb lub sij hawm thiab muaj cov Soviet Army kom txog rau thaum lub 80-ies ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Nrog lub advent ntawm foob pob ua ntxaij launchers qhia "artillery - tus vaj tswv ua tsov ua rog" nws pib mus rau yuav ntaus nqi raws li qhov tseeb.

German foob pob ua ntxaij launchers

Ib tug tshiab hom riam phom tso cai kom xa kev sib ntaus los discontinuous qhov chaw ob loj thiab me me nyob rau hauv lub deb. Yog li, luv luv-ntau cuaj luaj feeb meej lawv firepower rau lub hom phaj nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej kab, whereas nrog ib tug ntev sib ntaus ntawm cov missile hit rau khoom nyob qab yeeb ncuab kab.

Lub Germans kuj muaj nws tus kheej foob pob ua ntxaij artillery. "Vurframen-40" - cov German foob pob ua ntxaij launcher, uas yog tsis muaj tsev nyob nyob rau hauv ib nrab-khiav Sd.Kfz.251 technology. Foob pob ua ntxaij zooms rau lub hom phiaj los ntawm kev xa lub tshuab. Tej zaum cov tshuab yog nkag tau rau hauv qhov kev sib ntaus raws li ib tug cab artillery.

Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, lub Germans siv foob pob ua ntxaij launcher "Nebelverfer-41", uas muaj ib tug honeycomb qauv. Nws muaj rau tubular ntsia thiab yog mounted rau ib tug ob-wheeled carriage. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus no ua tsov rog yog ib tug tsis tshua txaus ntshai tsis tsuas yog rau cov tus yeeb ncuab tab sis kuj rau lawv tus kheej xam vim mus rub tawm ntawm cov kav dej zasoplovogo nplaim taws.

Nyhav zoo li foob pob ua ntxaij engine muaj ib tug tej yam loj loj nyob rau hauv lub chav lawv lub davhlau. Yog li ntawd, nws muaj ib tug tseem ceeb ua tub rog kom zoo dua uas pab tub rog, uas nws artillery yuav ntaus lub hom phaj nyob deb tom qab ntawm txoj kab ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. German hnyav cuaj luaj twb pab tau rau qhov chaw tua hluav taws, thaum nws yog tsim nyog los ua kom puas ib tug zoo-fortified khoom, xws li bunkers, armored tsheb thiab ib tug ntau yam ntawm defenses.

Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias lub artillery hluav taws lub Germans yog npaum li cas ua tsis tau zoo nyob rau hauv ntau yam Katyusha foob pob ua ntxaij launcher vim hais tias ntawm ntau heaviness zoo li.

superheavy phom

Nyob rau hauv Hitler lub armed forces ib qho tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm yog ua si los ntawm lub artillery. Qhov no yog tag nrho cov ntau ceeb hais tias nws yog yuav luag qhov tseem ceeb tshaj lub caij ntawm lub Nazi tsov rog tshuab, raws li niaj hnub kws tshawb fawb rau ib co yog vim li cas xav ua kom pom tseeb cov xim nyob rau hauv kev tshawb ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm lub Luftwaffe (Cua Dag Zog Yuam).

Txawm nyob rau ntawm lub kawg ntawm tsov rog German engineers tau ua hauj lwm rau ib tug tshiab neeg pej xeem nrog armored tsheb - ib tsab ntawm ib tug lossis loj tank, nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog uas tus so ntawm lub tub rog cov khoom ciali mus ntsias. Peb tes num P1500 "dab" tsis muaj sij hawm los siv. Nws yog tsuas yog lub npe hu hais tias lub tank yuav luj 1.5 tons. Nws twb npaj tias nws yuav tsum armed nrog ib tug 80-centimeter phom "Gustav" khov "Krupp". Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias nws developers yeej ib txwm xav hais tias loj, yog tsis muaj exception thiab artillery. Qhov no ua tsov rog nkag mus hauv kev pab cuam nrog rau cov Nazi pab tub rog thaum lub sij hawm lub siege ntawm Sevastopol. Cannon ua ib tug tag nrho ntawm 48 txhaj tshuaj, tom qab uas nws yug coj.

Rail phom K-12 nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab 701 th artillery roj teeb stationed nyob rau Channel ntug dej hiav txwv. Raws li ib co lus ceeb toom, lawv zoo li, raws li lawv tiv kev txom nyem 107,5 kg, twb ntaus ob peb lub hom phaj nyob rau hauv yav qab teb hais. Cov artillery monsters kab lia muaj lawv seem T-zoo li tus, yuav tsum tau nruab thiab hom phiaj.

statistics

Raws li yav tas los muab sau, lub teb chaws ntawm cov tub rog uas koom nyob rau hauv lub hostilities ntawm 1939-1945, tuaj mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus nrog outdated los yog upgraded phom. Tag nrho lawv inefficiencies siab sab ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog II. Artillery yog urgently yuav tsum tau tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv cov kev hloov tshiab, tab sis kuj yuav ua rau kom nws muaj nuj nqis.

Los ntawm 1941 mus 1944, lub teb chaws Yelemees tau ua ntau tshaj li 102 txhiab. Phom uas txawv caliber thiab mus txog rau 70 txhiab. Mortars. By lub sij hawm ntawm lub nres rau ntawm lub Soviet Union, lub Germans twb muaj txog 47 txhiab. Artillery daim, thiab hais tias tsis muaj xws li ua phem riam phom. Yog hais tias peb siv rau kev piv txwv lub tebchaws United States, lawv yog rau tib lub sij hawm ua txog 150 txhiab. Phom. Teb chaws Aas Kiv tswj kom tsim xwb 70 txhiab. Riam phom ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv. Tab sis cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg no yog lub Soviet Union: tsov rog xyoo muaj tau muab ntau tshaj 480 txhiab phom thiab mortars, hais txog 350 txhiab ... Ua ntej no, lub Soviet Union twb muaj nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab 67 th. Kas tham. Qhov no xam yog muab tsis tau noj mus rau hauv tus account lub 50-millimeter mortars, artillery thiab anti-aircraft phom ntawm cov rog.

Thaum lub sij hawm hauv lub xyoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II artillery nyiam thab plaub lub teb chaws tau undergone zoo hloov. Lossi nyob rau hauv lub tub rog tau txais yog upgraded los yog kiag li tshiab cov cuab yeej. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim sai heev, thiab anti-self-propelled artillery (duab ntawm lub sij hawm uas qhia nws lub hwj chim). Raws li kws txawj ntawm txawv teb chaws, hais txog ib nrab ntawm cov poob ntawm thaj av rog dab tsi rau cov kev siv cov tshuaj khib thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus los.