Inorganic Science News for KIDS - dab tsi yog qhov no? Inorganic Science News for KIDS nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm

Science News for KIDS kawg nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv pib nyob rau hauv thaum kawm 8th grade kawm dav dav ntawm science: piav qhia txog cov tau hom bonds ntawm atoms, hom uas siv lead ua lattices thiab feem ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mechanisms. Qhov no ua lub hauv paus rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, tab sis ntau tej seem - inorganics.

Yuav ua li cas yog no

Inorganic Science News for KIDS - lub science uas considers lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv, yooj yim zog thiab reactivity ntawm lub periodic rooj hais. Ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm no yog ua si nyob rau hauv lub inorganics Periodic cai lij choj, uas regulates lub systematic kev faib ntawm tshuaj hloov lawv cov luj, tooj thiab hom.

Hoob no encompasses tebchaw tsim los ntawm reacting rooj ntsiab (lub xwb kev zam yog lub cheeb tsam ntawm hydrocarbons, xam nyob rau hauv cov organic tshooj). Paub tab nyob rau inorganic Science News for KIDS cia ua raws li tus theoretical paub nyob rau hauv xyaum.

Science nyob rau hauv keeb kwm foundations

Lub npe "lub inorganic" nyob rau hauv raws li cov pom hais tias nws npog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj paub, uas yog tsis cob cog rua nrog cov kev ua lom kab mob.

Thaum lub sij hawm, nws tau raug qhov tseeb hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov organic ntiaj teb no yuav ua tau thiab "tsis-nyob" ntawm ib tug compound, thiab txhua yam uas hydrocarbons tsim nyob rau hauv cov kev kuaj. Yog li, ammonium cyanate, uas ntsev Science News for KIDS ntsiab Wohler German tus paub txog yuav ua ke urea.

Kom tsis txhob tsis meej pem nrog lub nomenclature thiab cais ntawm lub hom ntawm kev tshawb fawb ob tug sciences kev pab cuam ntawm tsev kawm ntawv thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv cov kev kawm yuav tsum tau rau kev Science News for KIDS yuav kawm txog cov inorganic raws li ib tug yuav tsum muaj kev qhuab qhia. Nyob rau hauv lub scientific ntiaj teb no yog rua analogous ib theem zuj zus.

Cov chav kawm inorganics

Tshuaj xws pub muab ib cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv uas tshooj inorganically xav txog periodic txoj cai hais. Qhov no kev faib yog ib tug tshwj xeeb, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub assumption tias cov atomic nuclear nqi muaj ib feem nyob rau lub thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj thiab cov ntaub ntawv xaiv txawv cyclically. Chiv rooj tsev raws li ib tug rog xav txog ntawm loj atomic loj hais, tab sis tsis ntev muaj ib tug muab ib theem zuj zus tau tso tseg vim hais tias ntawm nws cov tsis ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub nam nyob rau hauv uas yuav tsum tau saib xyuas ntawm cov teeb meem no, inorganic teeb meem.

Science News for KIDS, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub periodic rooj, qhia rau hauv xub ntiag ntawm txog ib puas nrhiav, pawg thiab los qhia cov zaus zog.

Tam sim no nrov consolidated version ntawm qhov kev xam ntawm tej tswv yim raws li cov chav kawm ntawm inorganic Science News for KIDS. Cov kab ntawm lub rooj hais yog teev nyob rau hauv lub physico-tshuaj zog, nyob rau hauv kab - uas zoo sib xws rau txhua tus lwm yam sij hawm.

Tej yam yooj yim tshuaj nyob rau hauv inorganics

Qhov kos npe rau hauv lub periodic rooj thiab ib tug yooj yim tshuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb lub xeev - feem ntau ob yam. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub uas nws qhia tsuas ib qho zoo ntawm atoms, nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - lub hom ntawm tus compound hais thiab lawv kev sib nrig sib cawv nyob rau hauv ruaj khov ntaub ntawv.

Tshuaj tsevneeg nyob rau hauv yooj yim tshuaj ua rau lawv mus rau faib lub tsev neeg. Yog li, ob tug sab pawg ntawm cov tsiaj ntawm atoms peev xwm yuav txawv - co thiab uas tsis yog-hlau. Tus thawj tsev neeg muaj 96 neeg los ntawm 118 kawm.

co

Hlau hom presupposes ib tug kev twb kev txuas ntawm tus hais ntawm lub tib lub npe. Sis raws li nyob rau hauv kev sib tham lattice electrons, yus omnidirectional thiab unsaturated. Qhov no yog vim li cas co yog zoo conductors ntawm tshav kub, them nyiaj, muaj ib tug nws yog xim hlau ci, malleability thiab ductility.

Conventionally, co tshuav nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj thaum lub sij hawm txoj kab ncaj nraim los ntawm boron rau astatine. Hais uas yog zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv qhov chaw rau no kab, yog feem ntau ciam teb qhov thiab muaj ib tug duality cov khoom (e.g., germanium).

Co yooj yim tshaj plaws daim ntawv compound. Lub degree ntawm oxidation ntawm xws tshuaj feem ntau tsis pub tshaj ob tug. Nyob rau hauv metallicity nce thiab decreases nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm. Piv txwv li, tej francium exhibits ib tug yooj yim vaj tse tshaj sodium thiab ib tug halogen tsev neeg tau iodine txawm tshwm sim nws yog xim hlau ci.

Qhov teeb meem no yog txawv nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm ntawm - ua kom tiav sublevels inert gases, ua ntej uas yog tshuaj nrog opposite zog. Nyob rau hauv lub kab rov tav qhov chaw ntawm lub periodic rooj hais tshaaj reactivity hloov los ntawm lub hauv paus rau acidic amphoteric los ntawm. Co - zoo kom txhob muaj cov neeg ua hauj (txais electrons nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm bonds).

Tsis-co

Qhov no hom ntawm atoms muaj xws li cov loj cov chav kawm ntawm inorganic Science News for KIDS. Tsis-co nyob rau hauv txoj cai-tes sab ntawm lub periodic rooj, feem ntau seeb acidic zog. Cov feem ntau pom cov ntaub ntawv hais rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tebchaw nrog ib leeg (e.g., borates, sulfates, dej). Nyob rau hauv lub dawb molecular lub xeev nws yog lub npe hu lub hav zoov ntawm cov leej faj, cov pa thiab nitrogen. Tseem muaj ob peb uas tsis yog-hlau diatomic gases - sib nrug los ntawm ob tug hais saum toj no, no muaj xws li hydrogen, Fluoro, bromo, chloro thiab iodo.

Yog cov feem ntau ntau yam nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb - tshwj xeeb ntau pob zeb ntais, hydrogen, oxygen thiab carbon. Iodine, selenium thiab arsenic faib heev me me (no nws yog ua tau rau muaj xws li tej thiab tsis ruaj tsis khov configurations, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub xeem lub sij hawm ntawm lub rooj).

Nyob rau hauv lub tebchaw ntawm nonmetals coj feem ntau raws li acids. Yog haib oxidants vim tau pub ntxiv tshaj ntawm ntxiv electrons mus ua kom tiav qib.

Complex tshuaj nyob rau hauv inorganics

Tsis tas li ntawd ntawm cov tshuaj uas yog sawv cev los ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntawm atoms paub qhov txawv tebchaw muaj ntau ntau yam configurations. Tej yam yuav ua tau binary (muaj ob tug sib txawv hais), peb-, plaub-lub caij thiab thiaj li nyob.

Ob-caij tshuaj

Ntawm kev tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas binarity molecules txuas Science News for KIDS. Cov chav kawm ntawm inorganic tebchaw no kuj pom tau hais tias los ntawm lub foundations ntawm kev twb kev txuas tsim ntawm lub atoms. Tej zaum nws yuav ionic, nws yog xim hlau, covalent (ncov qaumteb qabteb los yog nonpolar) los yog mixed. Feem ntau xws agents kom meej meej muaj yooj yim (rau hlau Tshuag), amphoteric (dual - tshwj xeeb yeej muaj tseeb rau txhuas) los yog acidic (yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug keeb nyob rau hauv oxidation lub xeev ntawm +4 los yog siab dua) zoo.

Peb caij associates

Ntxhais muab Inorganic Science News for KIDS xav thiab no hom ntawm kev koom atoms. Lub tebchaw muaj ntau tshaj li ob pab pawg ntawm cov atoms (feem ntau yog inorganic deal nrog peb-daim hom) yog feem ntau tsim nrog kev koom tes los ntawm cheebtsam uas txawv ho los ntawm txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv physicochemical tsis.

Tau hom kev sib txuas lus - covalent, ionic thiab mixed. Feem ntau, peb-lub caij tshuaj ntawm tus cwj pwm zoo ib yam li binary los ntawm lub fact tias ib tug ntawm cov interatomic rog zog npaum li cas lwm: ib nyuag generated secondarily thiab muaj lub peev xwm los dissociate nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj sai.

Cov chav kawm ntawm inorganic Science News for KIDS

Feem coob tau kawm hauv hoob inorganic tshuaj yuav muab xam rau ib tug yooj yim kev faib raws li lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab zog. Yog li, paub qhov txawv hydroxides, acids, oxides thiab ntsev. Kev saib xyuas ntawm lawv cov kev sib raug zoo yog ib qho zoo pib nrog ib tug kev taw qhia mus rau lub tswvyim ntawm oxidised cov ntaub ntawv, uas yuav ua tau yuav luag txhua inorganic tshuaj. Cov Science News for KIDS ntawm xws associates sib tham nyob rau hauv tshooj uas hais txog oxides.

oxides

Oxide yog ib tug compound ntawm tej tshuaj caij nrog rau oxygen hauv ib oxidation lub xeev sib npaug zos rau -2 (raws li peroxides -1 ntsig txog). Daim ntawv cog lus tsim tshwm sim vim electron tej yam thiab yuav txo tau thereof nrog O ₂ (qhov uas feem ntau electronegative caij yog cov pa).

Thiab tej zaum yuav acidic, thiab amphoteric, thiab yooj yim zog nyob rau hauv lub thib ob pab pawg neeg ntawm atoms. Yog hais tias qhov no hlau nyob rau hauv lub oxide tsis pub tshaj +2 oxidation lub xeev, yog ib tug uas tsis yog-hlau - los ntawm 4 thiab saum toj no. Lub kuaj nrog rau ciaj ciam ntawm lub dual xwm tiav nqi 3.

acid inorganics

Acidic sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nruab nrab yog cov tsawg tshaj 7 los ntawm tus hydrogen cov ntsiab lus ntawm cations uas yuav mus rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab tom qab hloov los ntawm ib tug hlau ion. Raws li cov kev faib muaj txoj tshuaj. Feem ntau ntawm cov acids yuav tsum npaj kom txhij los ntawm diluting nrog dej sib nug xov oxides, e.g., nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm sulfuric acid tom qab cov co ntawm li _3.

Basic Inorganic Science News for KIDS

Cov khoom ntawm lub tebchaw ntawm no hom vim lub xub ntiag ntawm lub hydroxyl radical OH, uas tso cai rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov ib puag ncig saum toj no 7. Tus alkali-soluble bases yog hu ua, lawv yog cov feem ntau hwj chim nyob rau hauv no chav kawm ntawv ntawm tshuaj rau account ntawm tiav dissociation (decomposition rau hauv ions nyob rau hauv lub kua). OH pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov ntsev yuav hloov nrog acidic residues.

Inorganic Science News for KIDS - ib tug dual science uas yuav piav qhia txog qhov teeb meem los ntawm ib tug txawv foundations. Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav puag protolytic tau ua hydrogen acceptors ntawv. Qhov no mus kom ze ncua lub tswvyim ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm tshuaj, alkali hu tej yam khoom uas yuav txais tau ib tug proton.

ntsev

Qhov no hom ntawm tebchaw yog nyob ntawm cov bases thiab acids, raws li ib tug cov khoom ntawm lawv kev sis raug zoo. Yog li, raws li cov ntawv feem ntau ua hauj lwm pab ib tug hlau ion (tej zaum ammonium, phosphonium los yog hydronium) raws li anionic tshuaj - acid residue. Thaum ntsev tsim yog hloov los ntawm hydrogen nrog lwm substance.

Nyob ntawm seb tus piv ntawm reagents thiab lub dag lub zog nrog rau kev hwm rau txhua lwm yam zoo kho ntau hom tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom:

• yooj yim ntsev yog tau yog hais tias tus hydroxyl pawg tsis nkaus pawg (xws tshuaj yog alkaline cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nruab nrab);
• acidic ntsev yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub rov qab cov ntaub ntawv - uas tsis muaj reactive hydrogen ib nrab puag nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas;
• cov feem ntau paub thiab yooj yim rau to taub yog Salaries (los yog qub) qauv - lawv yog cov khoom ntawm tiav neutralization reagents tsim dej thiab ib yam khoom uas muaj tsuas ib tug hlau ntawv los yog ib tug analogue thereof thiab ib tug acid moiety.

Inorganic Science News for KIDS - lub science uas yuav faib rau txhua hoob kawm rau hauv thooj, uas yog xam tau tias yog txawv sij hawm: ib - ua ntej lwm leej lwm tus - tom qab. Nyob rau ib lub qhov tob txoj kev tshawb no txawv txawm 4 hom ntsev:

• Dual muaj ib zaug xwb anion nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm lub ob cations. Feem ntau xws ntaub ntawv yog los ntawm cov phiajcim ob ntsev nrog tib acid residue, tab sis txawv hlau.
• Mixed opposite ntawm yav tas los ib tug: nws yog lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug ntawv nrog ob tug sib txawv anions.
• Crystalline hydrates - ntsev, nyob rau hauv cov mis uas yog cov dej nyob rau hauv lub crystalline lub xeev.
• Ceg - lub tshuaj nyob rau hauv uas lub ntawv, anion los yog ob qho tib si ntawm lawv yog sawv cev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pawg ua ke nrog generator. Tej ntsev yuav npaj advantageously los ntawm cov ntsiab ntawm cov pab pawg B.

Raws li lwm yam nyob rau hauv ib lub rooj rau inorganic Science News for KIDS, uas yuav tsum tau dej num raws li cov ntsev los yog raws li ib tug neeg tshooj paub tej zaum yuav tau hais hydrides, nitrides, carbides thiab intermetallic tebchaw (sib txuas ntawm ob peb co, uas tsis yog-hlau).

tau

Inorganic Science News for KIDS - lub science uas yog ntawm kev txaus siab mus rau txhua txhua tus kws no kheej, tsis hais ntawm lawv cov kev txaus siab. Nws muaj xws li tus thawj tshooj, kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv rau cov kawm. Chav Kawm ntawm inorganic Science News for KIDS muab systematization loj tagnrho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv raws li ib tug meej thiab yooj yim cais.