Kho qhov muag iav nrog ib convex-concave chaw: siv thiab ua, siv. Lens, siab iav

Kho qhov muag iav - nws yog qhia tshwj xeeb uas ua pob tshab iav, uas yog siv raws li qhov chaw rau kho qhov muag kiag li lawm. Nws txawv ntawm lub niaj zaus kev coj dawb huv thiab transparency, uniformity thiab tsis muaj kob. Nws kuj nruj me ntsis rationed dispersion thiab refractive lub hwj chim. Raws li xws yuav tsum tau tsub kom yooj yim thiab lub nqi ntawm ntau lawm.

zaj dabneeg

Koj yuav nrhiav tau ntau yam piv txwv ntawm domestic siv lo ntsiab muag, xws li ib tug magnifying iav - zoo tib yam magnifying iav - nws yuav pab tau tsim ib tug me me projection ntawm ib tug dog dig ntse xov tooj, tab sis tus kho qhov muag tsom iav twb tsis yog li ntawd ntev dhau los.

Lub lo ntsiab muag tau tau paub txij ancient sij hawm, tab sis tus thawj loj los mus tsim ib lub qhov rais uas yog zoo ib yam li uas siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub pab kiag li lawm, muaj peev xwm yuav ntaus nqi mus rau XVII caug xyoo. Yog li, lub German chemist Kunkel nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm nws tej hauj lwm hais phosphoric acid thiab boric acid nyob rau hauv lub khob tivthaiv. Nws kuj hais txog borosilicate yas, uas yog nyob ze rau ib co niaj hnub ntaub ntawv muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qhov no yuav tsum tau hu ua tus thawj muaj kev vam meej kev nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov iav, muaj tej yam kho qhov muag zog thiab ib tug txaus degree ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj homogeneity.

Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam

Siv thiab ua cov kho qhov muag iav nyob rau ib tug muaj scale pib nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov XIX caug xyoo. Swiss Gian tau nrog Fraunhofer qhia nyob rau ib qho ntawm cov factories nyob rau hauv Bavaria kuj ruaj khov txoj kev ua xws iav. Cov kev vam meej ntawm kev txais tos twb yaj nws siv ib tug yeej tsab ntawv tsa suab mas raus nyob rau hauv av nplaum iav pas nrig. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws yog ua tau kom tau ib tug kho qhov muag iav ntawm fee zoo, nrog ib lub cheeb ntawm 250 hli.

niaj hnub ntau lawm

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm no cov dawb lias kho qhov muag iav siv additive ntaub ntawv nrog tooj liab, selenium, kub, nyiaj thiab lwm yam hlau. Ua noj ua haus los ntawm lub batch. Nws yog loaded rau hauv fireproof huam, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog muab tso rau hauv ib khob melting rauv. Tus nqi pes tsawg leeg yuav muaj txog li 40% ntawm cov khib nyiab iav, qhov tseem ceeb point yog tias muaj pes tsawg leeg uas iav cullet thiab ua noj ua haus. Khob yaj thaum lub sij hawm ua noj ua haus tsis tu ncua do nrog ib tug duav ua los ntawm ceramics los yog kub dawb. Yog li ntawd nws yog tiav ib tug homogeneous lub xeev.

Tej lub sij hawm, lub qhuav yog coj mus sib hais, nyob rau hauv uas qhov zoo tshaj yog tswj. Ib qho tseem ceeb kauj ruam yog qhov boiling tshuaj dawb tso: nyob rau hauv lub khob ntawm clarifiers tshuaj muas thaum chiv thawj ntxiv rau nyob tus yeees ntawm tus nqi, pib xaiv ntau yam pauv loj npaum li cas ntawm roj cua. Cov ntaub ntawv loj npuas uas sawv sai sai, thawb nyob rau tib lub sij hawm me me npuas inevitably tsim thaum lub sij hawm ua noj ua haus cov txheej txheem.

Nyob rau hauv xaus, lub huam yog muab rho tawm los ntawm lub cub tawg thiab ces cools maj mam. Cua txias, qeeb tshwj xeeb kev kawm, yuav kav mus txog rau yim lub hnub. Nws yuav tsum tau niaj hnub, los yog tej zaum yuav tsim nyob rau hauv lub loj ntawm tus neeg kho tshuab txhawj xeeb uas ua rau tej kab nrib pleb.

zog

Kho qhov muag iav - ib cov khoom rau zus tau tej cov lo ntsiab muag. Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib los ntawm hom nyob rau hauv lub muab khaws tseg thiab dispersing. Sau hais txog biconvex thiab plano-convex lens thiab ib tug concave-convex, bears lub npe ntawm "zoo meniscus".

Kho qhov muag iav muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov yam ntxwv:

• refractive index yog txiav txim los ntawm ob spectral kab, uas yog hu ua sodium doublet;
• qhov nruab nrab variance, uas yog txhais raws li qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm tus refractive index ntawm cov liab thiab xiav kab ntawm lub spectrum;
• dispersion tau - tus xov tooj muab los ntawm tus piv ntawm qhov nruab nrab dispersion thiab refractive index.

Dawb lias kho qhov muag iav yog siv rau zus tau tej cov haum cov ntxaij lim dej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, muaj peb lub ntsiab hom kho qhov muag iav:

• inorganic;
• Plexiglas (organic);
• mineral thiab organic.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub inorganic iav muaj xws li oxides thiab fluorides. Fused kho qhov muag iav kuj koom inorganic (tshuaj mis SiO _2). Quartz muaj ib tug uas tsis muaj refractive index thiab siab Performance index ntawm lub teeb kis tau tus mob, nws yog yus muaj los ntawm kuj mus tshav kub. Dav transparency ntau yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv niaj hnub telecommunications (fiber optic cable, etc.), raws li silicate iav yog indispensable nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua kho qhov muag lo ntsiab muag, piv txwv li, ua lub magnifying khob ntawm cov quartz.

Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm silicon

Pob tshab silica iav yuav tau ob leeg kho qhov muag thiab kev. Kho qhov muag manufactured los ntawm melting pob zeb siv lead ua, xwb thiaj li tau tag nrho homogeneous qauv. Lub opaque tsom iav lub luag hauj lwm rau cov xim ntawm me me roj npuas nyob rau hauv lub khoom.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub silica iav ua rau ib tug pob zeb ntais puag thiab lub thiaj li hu ua silicon iav, uas, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm lub zoo xws li puag muaj ntau kho qhov muag zog. Lub pob zeb ntais ntsiab yuav diffract X-rays thiab infrared tawg kom dhau.

plexiglass

Lub thiaj li hu ua acrylic iav yog raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug hluavtaws polymer khoom. Qhov no pob tshab thiab cov khoom cov ntaub ntawv uas yog ib tug thermoplastic thiab yog feem ntau siv raws li ib tug hloov rau quartz iav. Plexiglas resistant rau ntau tej yam tseem ceeb xws li cov av noo thiab tsawg kub, tab sis nws yog ntau npaum li cas softer thiab yog li ntawd ntau susceptible mus rau cov neeg kho tshuab kev nyuaj siab. Vim hais tias ntawm cov softness ntawm organic kho qhov muag iav cia li nyob rau hauv lub ua - nws muaj peev xwm "coj" txawm nyuaj cuab yeej rau tej hlau.

Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog haum txig rau lub laser kev kho mob, nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus thov ib tug qauv los yog engraving. Raws li ib tug lens, nws txig qhia infrared rays tab sis hau ultraviolet lub teeb thiab X-rays.

daim ntawv thov

Kho qhov muag iav yog siv lug rau cov lo ntsiab muag, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau optical systems. Tib muab khaws tseg lens siv raws li ib tug magnifying khob. Cov txheej txheem lo ntsiab muag yog ib qho tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm cov thawj los yog tshuab xws li binoculars, scopes, rub kom pom loj, theodolites, telescopes, cov koob yees duab thiab cov khoom siv.

Attendance tseem ceeb yog cov kho qhov muag iav rau cov kev xav tau ntawm Ophthalmology, vim hais tias yog tsis muaj lawv yooj yim los tsis yooj yim sua kom kho cov shortcomings pom (myopia, astigmatism, hyperopia, disturbance ntawm cov kev pab thiab lwm yam kab mob). Eyeglass nrog diopters yuav ua tog twg los ntawm quartz iav, thiab siab zoo yas.

astronomy

Kho qhov muag tsom iav yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiab lub kim tshaj plaws feem ntawm tej tsom iav raj. Muaj ntau cov kiv cua lawv tus kheej sau refractors, qhov no yuav tsum tau ib tug me ntsis, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj - plano iav lens.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem kom ib tug haib astronomical lo ntsiab muag, thiab ntau precisely rau nws polished, nws yuav siv li ob peb lub xyoos. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1982, rau cov millionaire Charles Yerkes muab lub taub hau ntawm lub University of Chicago Vilyam Harper nug hais txog nyiaj txiag observatory. Yerkes muab tso rau hauv nws hais txog peb puas txhiab daus las, thiab plaub caug txhiab twb siv nyob rau hauv lub purchase ntawm lo ntsiab muag rau lub feem ntau haib thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub tsom iav raj rau lub ntiaj chaw. Observatory lub npe hu ua tom qab lub financier Yerkes, thiab kom deb li deb no refractor lens nrog ib lub cheeb ntawm 102 cm yog suav tias yog qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Telescopes nrog ib tug loj lub cheeb yog reflectors, muaj ib lub teeb-ntxawm daim iav caij.

Muaj lwm yam lo ntsiab muag siv nyob rau hauv astronomy, thiab nyob rau hauv Ophthalmology - iav nrog convex-concave hniav, uas yog hu ua tus meniscus. Nws yuav ua tau ntawm ob hom: cov kev tawg ri niab thiab sib sau ua ke. Cov kev tawg ri niab meniscus ntug feem thicker chaw thiab thinner nyob rau hauv tus sau los yog ib tug central ib feem.