Slavonic lus. Laus Slavonic lus. Slavonic tsab ntawv

Ib qho ntawm feem nthuav ntawm cov neeg tuag cov lus - Laus Slavonic lus. Lo lus hais tias yog ib feem ntawm nws cov lo lus, cov qauv sau ntawv cov kev cai, txawm ib co phonetic peculiarities thiab cov tsiaj ntawv los ua lub hauv paus ntawm niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab. Cia saib hais tias hom lus, thaum twg thiab yuav ua li cas nws originated, thiab seb nws yog siv niaj hnub no, thiab nyob rau hauv dab tsi thaj chaw.

Thiab kuj tham txog dab tsi nws yog kawm nyob rau hauv universities, raws li zoo raws li hais nto moo tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb tej hauj lwm rau siab ua lub Cyrillic cov tsiaj ntawv thiab cov qub tsev teev ntuj Slavonic qauv sau ntawv. Cia peb nco ntsoov peb yog hais txog Cyril thiab Methodius, lub npe hu thoob ntiaj teb lub moos Thexalaunika cov kwv tij.

Txheej txheem cej luam

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias rau centuries zaum mloog cov lus no, kawm lub qub Slavonic cov tsiaj ntawv thiab cov keeb kwm ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, cov lus qhia txog nws tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas. Yog hais tias cov qauv sau ntawv thiab phonetic qauv ntawm cov lus, lexical qauv ntau dua los yog tsawg kawm, ces tag nrho cov uas koom rau nws cov keeb kwm, yog tseem questionable.

Qhov no stems los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lub creators ntawm tsab ntawv los yog tsis tau ua kom cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv cov ua hauj lwm, los yog cov ntaub ntawv thiab tag nrho cov tau ploj thaum lub sij hawm. Ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws tshawb txog ntawm feem ntau hom lus sau pib xwb ib ob peb centuries, thaum tsis muaj ib tug yuav hais rau paub dab tsi zoo ntawm lub suab hais lus ua lub hauv paus ntawm daim ntawv sau lus.

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov lus no twb artificially tsim rau lub hauv paus ntawm dialects ntawm lub Bulgarian lus nyob rau hauv lub IX xyoo pua thiab twb siv nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Russia rau centuries.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv ib txhia qhov chaw koj yuav nrhiav tau synonymous lub npe ntawm cov lus - lub tsev teev ntuj. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov emergence ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia yog kev cob cog rua ncaj qha mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj. Chiv, lub tsev teev ntuj yog cov ntaub ntawv: txhais phau ntawv, kev thov Vajtswv, cov lus piv txwv, thiab tsim cov thawj cov vaj lug kub. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, feem ntau muab cov lus muaj xwb los ntawm cov neeg, lub tsev teev ntuj ua hauj lwm.

Tom qab ntawd, nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus thiab kab lis kev cai, tuaj hloov cov qub tsev teev ntuj Slavonic Laus Lavxias teb sab lus, uas cia siab ntau rau nws cov thawj ntawm. Nws tshwm sim nyob ib ncig ntawm lub XII caug xyoo.

Cuaj kaum Slavonic tsab ntawv mus txog peb zoo lawm, thiab peb siv nws rau hnub no. Peb siv thiab grammatical system, uas pib los mam txawm ua ntej lub ancient lus.

version creation

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov qub Slavonic lus tshuav nws cov tsos rau Cyril thiab Methodius. Thiab hais tias yog cov ntaub ntawv peb nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm lus thiab ntaub ntawv.

Cov kwv tij teem rau lub hauv paus ntawm ib qho ntawm lub Slavic lub suab hais lus ntawm Thessaloniki tshiab tsab ntawv. Qhov no twb ua feem ntau txhais Vajluskub phau ntawv thiab tej lus thov nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj Slavic lus.

Tab sis muaj lwm yam versions ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov lus. Yog li ntawd, I. Yagitch ntseeg tias lub hauv paus ntawm Laus Lub tsev teev ntuj los ua ib tug ntawm cov dialects ntawm lub hauv Makadaunias lus.

Muaj kuj yog ib tug kev tshawb xav tias lub hauv paus rau ib tug tshiab kev sau ntawv yog Bulgarian. Nws muab tso rau pem hauv ntej P. Safarik. Nws xav hais tias cov lus yuav tsum tau hu ua Laus Bulgarian, tsis Laus Koom Txoos. Kom txog rau thaum tam sim no, ib co kev soj ntsuam muaj nyob rau txawv tshaj qhov teeb meem.

Los ntawm txoj kev, mus txog rau thaum tam sim no lub Bulgarian linguists ntseeg tau hais tias peb xav tias nws yog Laus Bulgarian lus yog, tsis Slavic.

Peb muaj peev xwm txawm xav txog tej yam uas muaj lwm yam, uas tsis tshua tau paub kev tshawb xav ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm cov lus, tab sis lawv yog twb tsis xam tias yog nyob rau hauv lub scientific lub zej lub zos, los yog lwm tus lawv tsis tiav tsis ua hauj lwm twb muaj pov thawj.

Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, lub qub Slavonic lo lus yuav nrhiav tau nyob tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, Belarusian thiab Ukrainian hom lus, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv Polish, Macedonian, Bulgarian thiab lwm yam Slavic dialects. Yog li ntawd, cov kev sib tham raws li uas cov lus ze tshaj rau Laus Slavonic, yog tsis zoo li mus muaj puas tau raug ua kom tiav.

Thexalaunikes cov kwv tij

Lub creators ntawm lub Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic - Kirill kuv Mefody - tuaj ntawm lub nroog Thexalaunikes, tim Nkij teb chaws. Cov kwv tij yug nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj neeg uas nplua nuj, yog li twb tau txais ib qho kev kawm zoo.

Txwj Laug kwv tij - Michael - yug txog 815 xyoo. Thaum lub mob siab ntawm ib tug haujsam nws tau txais lub npe Methodius.

Constantine kuj yau nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg thiab cov yug txog 826 xyoo. Kuv paub lwm hom lus, versed nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog sciences. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias muaj ntau kwv yees nws kawm tau zoo thiab ib tug zoo yav tom ntej, Constantine txiav txim siab mus nyob rau hauv lub footsteps ntawm nws tus tij laug, thiab kuj los ua ib tug hauj sam, uas tau txais lub npe ntawm Cyril. Nws tuag nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 869.

Cov kwv tij tau koom nrog nyob rau hauv lub kis ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv thiab cov vaj lug kub. Lawv tau nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws, ua kom qhia rau cov neeg Vajtswv txoj lus. Tsis tau nws coj lub ntiaj teb no koob meej yog lub qub Slavonic niam ntawv.

Ob kwv tij tau canonized. Nyob rau hauv ib co Slavic lub teb chaws May 24 caug rau hnub ntawm Slavic ntawv Language thiab Culture (Russia thiab Bulgaria). Nyob rau hauv Macedonia, hnub no yog Revered Cyril thiab Methodius. Lwm ob Slavic lub teb chaws - lub Czech koom pheej thiab Slovakia - tau raug kev txom nyem no nyiaj so koobtsheej rau Lub Xya hli ntuj 5.

ob ntawv

Nws yog ntseeg hais Slavonic tsab ntawv yog tsim tom qab lub Greek Enlightenment. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog Ameslikas ob tsiaj ntawv - Glagolitic thiab Cyrillic. Ib tug nyuag saib lawv.

Thawj - Glagolitic. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nws creator muaj Kirill kuv Mefody. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov niam ntawv muaj tsis muaj hauv paus thiab yog tsim los ntawm kos. Nyob rau hauv ancient Rus 'nws siv heev tsis tshua muaj, nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub.

Qhov thib ob - tus Cyrillic niam ntawv. Nws creation yog tseem muaj nqi nrog rau cov kwv tij ntawm lub moos Thexalaunika. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias lub hauv paus ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv twb npaum li cas txoj cai Byzantine tsab ntawv. Thaum lub caij, rau sab hnub tuaj Slavs - Lavxias teb sab, Ukrainians thiab belorusy- siv ntawm lub qub Slavonic tsiaj ntawv tsab ntawv - los yog es, nws yog ib Cyrillic.

Nyob rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi zoo ntawm ntawv yog cov laus, ces nws kuj tsis muaj tseeb lo lus teb. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, yog tias peb xav hais tias ob lub Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic tau tsim lub moos Thexalaunika cov kwv tij, qhov txawv ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lawv cov creation yog tsis zoo li mus tshaj kaum mus rau kaum tsib lub xyoos.

Kuv twb sau ntawv mus rau Cyrillic?

Lwm nthuav qhov tseeb yog tias ib txhia soj ntsuam ntseeg tau tias cov keeb kwm ntawm cov lus, uas nyob rau hauv Russia twb sau ua ntej Cyril thiab Methodius. Pom ntawm no ziag no ntseeg hais tias "Veles Phau Ntawv", uas yog sau los ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab Magi ua ntej qhov saws me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws twb tsis tau pov thawj, nyob rau hauv dab tsi xyoo pua no txawj monument yog tsim.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov zaum hais tias cov ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm lub ancient Greek cov neeg mus thiab zaum tau sau mention ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm lub Slavs. Nws kuj hais rau kev sib cog lus uas kos npe rau daim princes nrog Byzantine tub txawj tub ntse.

Tu siab, muaj yog tseem tsis precisely txiav txim, yog tias qhov no yog muaj tseeb, thiab yog hais tias yog li ntawd, yog dab tsi raws nraim sau nyob rau hauv Russia ua ntej kis ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm Qub Lub tsev teev ntuj Slavonic

Hais txog txoj kev kawm ntawm cov laus Slavonic lus, nws tsis yog tsuas yog ntawm kev txaus siab mus zaum kawm cov keeb kwm ntawm cov lus, dialectology, tab sis kuj zaum slavyanistov.

Nws pib nws cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub puas tawm xyoo nrog rau txoj kev sib piv-keeb kwm txoj kev. Peb yuav tsis nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem, txij li thaum, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ib tug neeg kaw tsis paub nrog lug, cov npe ntawm cov zaum xav nyob rau hauv thiab paub nrog. Suffice nws hais tias nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb nws twb tsim ntau tshaj li ib phau ntawv nyeem, muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv yog siv rau kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm cov lus thiab dialects.

Kev tshawb fawb tsim cov kev tshawb xav ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub qub Slavonic lus, tso ua ke dictionaries ntawm Qub Slavonic lus, kawm sau ntawv thiab phonetics. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, muaj cov tseem unsolved mysteries thiab learn Laus Slavonic lub suab hais lus.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cia kuv muab koj ib daim ntawv teev qhov zoo tshaj plaws-paub dictionaries thiab cov phau ntawv ntawm Qub Slavonic lus. Tej zaum cov phau ntawv yuav ntawm kev txaus siab rau koj thiab yuav pab tau koj mus delve rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm peb kab lis kev cai thiab tej ntaub ntawv.

Lub nto moo tshaj plaws phau ntawv raug muab los ntawm xws li cov kws tshawb fawb raws li Habugraev, Remneva, Elkin. Tag nrho peb cov phau ntawv no hu ua "Laus Lub tsev teev ntuj Slavonic lus."

Zoo nkauj impressive scientific ua hauj lwm twb tso A. Selishcheva. Nws tau npaj ib tug tutorial muaj ob qhov chaw, yuav tsum vov tag nrho ntawm lub Laus Slavonic lus system, uas muaj tsis tau tsuas yog cov theoretical khoom, tab sis kuj cov ntawv, cov lo lus, raws li tau zoo raws li ib co khoom rau hauv qhov morphology ntawm cov lus.

Nthuav thiab cov ntaub ntawv mob siab rau lub moos Thexalaunika cov kwv tij, lub keeb kwm ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1930, twb tso tawm ua hauj lwm "ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub ancient Slavic Literature," sau los ntawm P. Lavrov.

Tsis muaj tsawg nqi, thiab ua hauj lwm Shakhmatov, uas twb tso tawm nyob rau hauv Berlin nyob rau hauv 1908 - "dab neeg ntawm lub tswv yim muaj cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv Slovenian lus." Nyob rau hauv 1855, lub ntiaj teb no pom lub monograph O. Bodyansky "Hais txog lub sij hawm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub Slavic sau ntawv."

Nws twb tseem muaj "Laus Lub tsev teev ntuj Slavonic phau ntawv txhais lus," raws li tus thawj ntawm X - XI centuries, uas yog edited by R. thiab R. Vecherka Zeitlin.

Tag nrho cov phau ntawv no lug paub. Raws li rau lawv, tsis cia li sau ntawv tsab ntawv thiab ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm cov lus, tab sis kuj yuav npaj loj ua hauj lwm.

Laus Slavonic lus txheej

Ib tug loj heev reservoir Laus Slavonic lus txais lub Lavxias teb sab lus. Slavonic lo lus heev nrees entrenched nyob rau hauv peb vernacular, thiab niaj hnub no peb yuav tsis txawm paub qhov txawv lawv los ntawm tus thawj Lavxias teb sab lus.

Xav txog ob peb yam piv txwv rau koj kom koj to taub yuav ua li cas staroslavyanizmy tsaug penetrated rau hauv peb cov lus.

Tej kev cai dab qhuas hauv cov nqe lus raws li "pov thawj", "raug tsim txom", "Wand", tuaj rau peb los ntawm lub qub Slavonic lus, ntawm no yog cov tib yam thiab paub daws teeb lub tswv yim, xws li "lub hwj chim", "kev puas tsuaj", "kev tso cai".

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, ntau npaum li cas staroslavyanizmy lawv tus kheej. Cia peb muab rau koj ib tug ob peb yam tshwm sim uas taw tes rau lub fact tias cov lo lus - staroslavyanizmy.

1. Tus xub ntiag ntawm LEEJ TWG-sab saum toj thawv thiab chrez-. Piv txwv li: rov qab, ntev li ntawm.

2. Cheebtsam ntawm lub token nrog cov lus God-, benign, greho-, thiab lwm yam abuses. Piv txwv li: zlonravie, lub caij nplooj zeeg.

2. Tus xub ntiag ntawm lub suffix -stv-, -zn-, -usch-, -yusch-, -asch- -yasch-. Piv txwv li: kub, melting.

Nws yuav zoo li uas peb tau sau tseg cia li ib ob peb ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas qhia staroslavyanizmy, tab sis tej zaum koj tsis nco qab ib lo lus hais tias los rau peb los ntawm lub qub Slavonic.

Yog hais tias koj xav paub txog cov nqi ntawm cov laus Slavonic lus, peb yuav qhia rau saib nyob rau hauv tej phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab lus. Yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau muab khaws cia tseg lawv thawj tus nqi, txawm lub fact tias nws muaj ntau tshaj ib xyoo caum.

Cov kev siv ntawm cov tam sim no theem

Thaum lub caij, lub qub Slavonic lus kawm nyob rau hauv universities nyob rau hauv tej faculties thiab specialties, thiab kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv lub koom txoos.

Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv no theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus xam tau tias yog tuag. Nws siv yog tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, raws li tej lus thov sau nyob rau hauv cov lus no. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws muaj nqis ntsoov teev qhov tseeb hais tias tus thawj vaj lug kub raug txhais raws nraim mus rau hauv lub qub Slavonic lus thiab yog tseem siv raws li ib tug lub tsev teev ntuj no yog hais tias ntawm ib tug xyoo dhau los.

Hais txog lub ntiaj teb no ntawm science, peb nco ntsoov qhov tseeb hais tias cov laus Slavonic lus thiab lawv cov neeg ntaub ntawv yog feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv lub dialects. Qhov no attracts cov xim ntawm dialectology, uas koj mus kawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus, nws ib tug neeg cov ntaub ntawv thiab dialects.

Soj ntsuam ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm kuj paub hais tias cov lus, vim lawv ua hauj lwm yog ncaj qha kev cob cog rua nrog txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ancient monuments.

Dua li no, nyob rau ntawm no theem ntawm cov lus xam tau tias yog tuag, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv nws, raws li tau zoo raws li nyob rau hauv Latin, Greek, nws tau ntev lawm tsis muaj ib tug hais lus, thiab paub tias nws yog ib tug ob peb.

Cov kev siv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj

Tam sim no tus feem ntau lug siv lus nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj. Yog li, lub qub Slavonic thov Vajtswv yeej yuav hnov nyob rau hauv tej tsev teev ntuj Orthodox. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog nyeem thiab excerpts los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj cov phau ntawv, cov phau Vajlugkub.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, peb nco ntsoov kuj hais tias lub tsev teev ntuj ua hauj lwm, cov tub ntxhais seminarians, cov tub ntxhais kawm kuj kawm tau no lub suab hais lus, nws cov nta, phonetics thiab graphics. Niaj hnub no, lub qub Slavonic lus yog xav tau cov lus ntawm lub Koom Txoos Orthodox.

Qhov tseem zoo-paub thov Vajtswv uas yog feem ntau nyeem nyob rau hauv no lub suab hais lus - "Peb Leej Txiv". Tab sis muaj yog tseem muaj ib tug ntau ntawm kev thov Vajtswv nyob rau hauv lub qub Slavonic lus, uas yog tsis tau paub zoo. Koj yuav nrhiav tau lawv nyob rau hauv tej qub kev thov Vajtswv phau ntawv, los yog hnov, mus saib tag nrho cov tib lub tsev teev ntuj.

Kawm nyob rau lub tebchaws

Laus Slavonic lus rau hnub tim yog heev lug kawm nyob rau hauv universities. Dhau nws rau Philology, keeb kwm, kev cai lij choj. Nyob rau hauv ib co tsev kawm ntawv yuav rau siab kawm rau cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab philosophers.

Qhov kev pab cuam muaj xws li ib tug dab neeg keeb kwm, lub qub Slavonic ntawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog phonetics, cov lo lus, cov qauv sau ntawv. Syntax Fundamentals.

Cov menyuam kawm ntawv tsis tau tsuas yog kawm txog cov kev cai, kawm cov lus rau haub, lauj lawv raws li ib feem ntawm kev hais lus, tab sis kuj nyeem phau ntawv sau nyob rau hauv cov lus no, sim txhais rau lawv thiab kom to taub lub ntsiab lus.

Tag nrho cov no yog ua li cas kom paub meej tias linguists yuav tom qab thov lawv cov kev paub rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ancient txawj monuments, peculiarities ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus thiab nws dialects.

Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias nyuaj heev rau kawm lub qub Slavonic lus. Phau ntawv sau nyob rau hauv nws, nyuaj rau cov nyeem, vim hais tias nws tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug ntau ntawm archaisms, tab sis cov tsiaj ntawv lawv tus kheej nyeem ntawv kev cai "YAT", "er" thiab "Efexau" chiv cia muaj teeb meem.

Cov menyuam kawm ntawv historians ua tsaug rau cov nrhiav kev txawj ntse yuav tau mus kawm rau hauv lub ancient monuments ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab tej ntaub ntawv, nyeem cov keeb kwm cov ntaub ntawv thiab keeb kwm, to taub lawv cov essence.

Tib yam siv rau cov neeg uas tab tom kawm rau ib tug philosophy departments, kev cai lij choj.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias niaj hnub no cov qub Slavonic - ib tug tuag lawm lus, txaus siab nyob rau hauv nws tau raug simmering puas tau txij li thaum.

tshawb pom

Uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm ancient Laus Slavonic lus, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, twb hloov los ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab lus. Laus Slavic keeb kwm ntawm cov lo lus ntaus nqi raws li cov haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab.

Ib tug tseem ceeb lub cev ntawm cov lo lus, phonetic nta, lub East Slavic lus tus qauv sau ntawv - tag nrho cov no yog muab tso thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev siv ntawm lub qub Slavonic lus.

Laus lub Koom Txoos - officially ib tug tuag lawm lus, uas tam sim no kev sib txuas lus xwb lub tsev teev ntuj nom tswv. Nws yog tsim rov qab nyob rau hauv lub IX xyoo pua, cov kwvtij Cyril thiab Methodius, thiab yog Ameslikas siv rau txhais lus thiab cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv lub tsev teev ntuj tej ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub qub tsev teev ntuj yeej ib txwm tau ib tug sau lus, uas yog tsis tau hais lus los ntawm cov neeg.

Niaj hnub no peb tsis txhob siv lawv, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws yog dav kawm nyob rau hauv lub philological thiab keeb kwm faculties thiab kawm vaj lug kub. Niaj hnub no Slavonic lus thiab cov laus cov lus muaj peev xwm tau hnov los ntawm kev mus saib xyuas cov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, vim hais tias tag nrho cov lus thov nyob rau hauv lub Orthodox churches mus nyeem rau nws.