Sab nraud thiab sab hauv lub tsev ntawm cov noog. Lub hauv nruab nrog cev ntawm cov noog

Yuav ua li cas sab nraud thiab sab hauv lub tsev ntawm cov noog? Yuav ua li cas lawv txawv los ntawm lwm yam cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj? Yuav ua li cas yog cov cim qhia tau peculiar rau feathered? Cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no yuav muaj nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

General yam ntxwv ntawm cov noog

Noog - ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj, uas nws lub cev yog them nrog plaub. Lawv muaj ib tug tsis tu ncua thiab siab lub cev kub thiab active thaum twg lub sij hawm ntawm lub xyoo. Cov muaj peev xwm ya yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov feem ntau ntawm cov mej zeej ntawm lub chav kawm ntawv. Sab nraud thiab sab hauv qauv subordinated rau no xyov noog.

Noog tau yooj yim hum nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob. Muaj peev xwm ya ib chav kawm ntawv yog thoob plaws, nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm tej yam kev mob nyob rau lub ntiaj teb. Muaj txog 9,000 hom noog.

Noog kuj tshaaj ib tug qhia kev txhawj xeeb rau nws tus kheej offspring. Tu tub tu kiv tshwm sim los ntawm txoj kev loj, them nrog txiv qaub plhaub qe.

Sab nraud cov qauv ntawm cov noog

noog lub cev muaj ib lub taub hau, mobile caj dab, poob-zoo li tus lub cev thiab lub extremities. Tawv - nyias thiab ziab vim muaj neeg tus vim tsis muaj ntawm daim tawv nqaij cov qog. Feem ntau cov noog muaj ib tug hlau, uas ua hauj lwm pab los ntub cov plaub - coccygeal. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo nws yog tsim los ntawm Waterfowl. Ntawm daim card, secreted caj pas, yog siv los khaws cov plaub elasticity thiab tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm ntub. Nyob rau hauv ib co hom (ostriches, parrots, nquab, bustards) lubricating muaj nuj nqi yog nqa tawm tshwj xeeb powdery plaub, nrog rau cov tawg ntawm txoj kev ua ib hmoov.

Nyob rau hauv cov noog tej zaum yuav qhia ib tug ntau yam ntawm growths rau ntawm lub kaus ncauj, ob txhais ceg, lub taub hau. Nyob rau hauv ib co hom noog (xws li raptors thiab parrots), lub hauv paus ntawm lub kaus ncauj kaw mos cere. Nyob rau hauv ko taw phaj yuav ua tau, fimbria, membrane.

Sab nraud thiab sab hauv lub tsev ntawm cov noog nyob rau txoj kev ua neej. lub cev zoo lawm, lub taub hau, ob txhais taw thiab tus Tsov tus tw, lub tis yuav ua tau heev ntau haiv neeg. Nws tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam thiab txoj kev muab khoom noj khoom haus.

Sab nraud cov qauv ntawm cov noog. feathering

Tsuas yog Class Aves xam qhovkev plaub, yog li ntawd lawv kuj hu ua noog. Lub Plumage yog kaw ntom nti ua rau lub cev thiab muab nws ib tug streamlined zoo. Cover yog lub teeb thiab khaws thaum tshav kub kub zoo, uas yuav pab daug lawm qe. Ib txhia plaub, vim lawv cov qauv, cia lub davhlau (davhlau plaub thiab tus Tsov tus tw plaub).

Sami plaub yog derivatives ntawm daim tawv nqaij, uas zoo sib xws rau cov dos ntawm cov tsiaj reptiles. Tus qauv ntawm tus cwj mem yog: nws lub cev muaj ib tug tuab pas nrig xaus quill (hollow kawg). Webs uas txuas mus rau lub pas. Lawv muaj xws li horny daim hlau - barbs. Los ntawm pas nrig ncaim barbs nrog ceg, hu ua barbules. Ib txhia ntawm lawv littered nrog hooks, uas lawv kev cob cog rua nrog nyob sib ze barbules tsis muaj hooks. Loj cwj mem tej zaum yuav muaj xws li ib lab barbules.

Qhov no qauv muab cov ceev webs. Thaum lub sij hawm lub davhlau los ntawm tus cwj mem yuav coj ib tug heev me ntsis ntawm huab cua. Thaum barbules disunite, cov noog tus kaus ncauj yuav kho lawv thaum tu lub plaub.

Raws li lub functionality ntawm cov plaub yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ob pawg: downy, thiab contour. Peb downy plaub kiv cua xoob. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj yog fluff - plaub, muaj raws yeej tseem zoo ntawm ib tug barbules, nrog undeveloped pas nrig. Muaj bristle plaub, uas, nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, muaj ib tug pas nrig, nrog zoo tsis muaj barbules. Muaj cov plaub hau zoo li plaub, uas yog muab cov nuj nqi ntawm kov. Contour plaub yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv primaries, kauj, opaque thiab yuav tsum vov. Txhua yam ntawm cwj mem nqa tawm nws txoj kev ua. Varied xim ntawm feathers yog tshwm sim los ntawm xub ntiag ntawm pigments.

Musculo-skeletal system

Nta ntawm lub internal qauv ntawm cov noog nrog cov kev zoo losis phem xam qhovkev tsuas feathered - muaj peev xwm ya. Lub cev pob txha ntawm ib tug noog yog ib qho yooj yim, tiam sis nws muaj zog, muaj ib tug nyias hollow cov pob txha. Nws muaj xws li cov pob txha taub hau, tus txha nqaj, ceg ntoo thiab povtseg cov pob txha siv. Lub cev pob txha tiv thaiv lub hauv nruab nrog cev.

Lub sab hauv qauv ntawm cov noog yuav ib tug loj ntim ntawm lub pob txha taub hau. Hollow mob puab tsaig txoj kev kaus ncauj hniav uas ploj lawm. Cov nqaj qaum yog muab faib ua 5 seem: lub tsev me nyuam, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal. Cov pob txha caj qaum ntawm lub ncauj tsev menyuam nqaj qaum muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb cov qauv, los ntawm kev uas cov noog muaj peev xwm tig nws lub taub hau 180 degrees.

Thoracic pob txha caj qaum loj hlob ua ke tsim tau ib cov tib pob txha, uas yog txuas mus rau lub ribs. Thaum lub ya noog uas nyob rau lub kaus siab muaj ib tug keel. Qhov no yog ib qho loj outgrowth uas yog mounted cov haib tis leeg. Cov pob txha caj qaum ntawm lub lumbar thiab sacral nqaj qaum thiab fused los muab zoo them nyiaj yug rau lub plab mog thiab tus Tsov tus tw fused rau hauv ib coccygeal pob txha los ua ib tug them nyiaj yug rau tus Tsov tus tw plaub.

Xub pwg nws daim siv sia muaj peb officers ntawm cov pob txha: lub clavicle, scapula thiab uab lag tus pob txha. Cov tis muaj cov humerus, forearm thiab tes cov pob txha. Hu ua pelvic cov pob txha fused nrog cov pob txha caj qaum thiab ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug cov nyiaj them yug rau qhov qis dua nqua. Ceg muaj tus ncej puab, qws nruas, tarsus (ob peb fused cov pob txha ntawm tus taw) thiab cov ntiv tes.

Cov nqaij ntshiv ntawm cov noog, nyob rau lub keel rau lub xub pwg, xyuas kom meej lag luam ntawm lub tis. Thaum lub ya nqaij ntawm cov noog nyob rau hauv no ib feem yog tshwj xeeb yog zoo tsim. caj dab nqaij muab zog ntawm lub taub hau. Interestingly lub internal qauv ntawm cov noog nyob rau hauv lub qauv ntawm cov nqaij thiab tendons ntawm lub sab nqua. Los ntawm cov pob qij txha ntawm ob txhais ceg yog rho txog leeg, uas muaj cai nyob rau hauv tus ntiv tes. Thaum cov noog tso rau ib tsob ntoo thiab bends ob txhais ceg, lub tendons yog ncav us txog thiab cov ntiv tes qhwv nyob ib ncig ntawm ib tug ceg. Tsaug rau no feature, cov noog yuav pw tsaug zog nyob rau hauv lub ceg, lawv cov ntiv tes unclenched.

alimentary system

Peb mus txuas ntxiv mus kawm rau hauv lub internal qauv ntawm cov noog. General yam ntxwv yuav pib nrog thawj seem ntawm lub digestive system - cov beak. Nws yog ib tug puab tsaig pob txha, them nrog horn npog. Tus duab ntawm tus kaus ncauj nyob rau cov qauv ntawm cov muab khoom noj khoom haus. Ntawm cov hniav nyob rau hauv cov noog muaj. Khoom noj khoom haus yog nqos tau tag nrho los ntawm ib tug loj piece nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug noog tus kaus ncauj yuav rhuav tawm daim haum.

Txoj hlab nqos mov feathered tau ho ncab. Ib txhia hom noog yuav sau nws nrog cov zaub mov thiab tsis xav tias tsis xis nyob. Thaum lub kawg ntawm cov hlab pas yuav ua tau ib tug goiter - ib tug tshwj xeeb extension siv tau rau cov khoom noj.

Mob plab noog muaj glandular thiab npag department. Tus thawj tshwm sim secretion ntawm pais plab kua txiv, uas softens cov zaub mov, thiab lub thib ob yog nws cov hniav sib tsoo. Qhov no txoj kev pab pebbles uas haus tau cov noog. Qab lub plab yuav tsum hnyuv, xaus cesspool. Lub cloaca yog tseem qhib ureters thiab tso zis txoj kev ntawm lub tsev me nyuam hauv nruab nrog cev.

ua pa system

Peb mus txuas ntxiv mus tshawb cov hauv nruab nrog cev ntawm cov noog. Lub sab hauv qauv ntawm cov noog yuav raug qhov yuav tsum tau los xyuas kom meej lub davhlau. Nrog hais txog qhov no, thiab cov pa system, uas yog sawv cev tsis tau tsuas yog lub teeb, tab sis kuj cov huab cua hnab nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw dawb ntawm lub hauv nruab nrog cev. Cov hnab yog kev cob cog rua rau lub teeb, thiab lawv yog entrusted nrog lub tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov kev muab ua tsis taus pa thaum lub sij hawm lub davhlau. Thaum so noog nqus pa lub teeb, ua hauj lwm hauv siab.

Nyob rau hauv sib ntaus, ua tsaug rau tus ua hauj lwm ntawm lub tis, cov hnab cua nthuav thiab daim ntawv cog lus, siv cua mus rau hauv lub ntsws. Ceev ib tug noog flaps nws tis, qhov ntau muaj ib tug yuav txo tau ntawm huab cua hnab. Piv txwv li, nquab nyob ib leeg ua 26 ua pa thaum nyob rau hauv sib ntaus - rau 400. Vim tus nquag cua kev, nqaij qaib lub cev yog txias. huab cua los ntawm lub ua tsis taus pa hnab enriched nrog rau oxygen mus rau lub ntsws, uas tiv thaiv cov noog ua tsis taus pa.

Lub circulatory system ntawm cov noog

Nta ntawm lub internal qauv ntawm cov noog yuav tsum pom los ntawm kev kawm circulatory system, uas yog sawv cev los ntawm ob lub voj voog ntawm kev ntshav thiab plaub-chambered lub plawv. Loj thiab me me voj voog ntawm kev kiag li cais, piv txwv li arterial thiab venous ntshav tsis sib tov. Lub plawv muaj ob atria thiab ob ventricles.

Lub plawv mob yog muaj peev xwm mus leeb nws cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kaum ob ntawm lub sij hawm, rau Piv txwv li thaum so lub plawv nquab yog txo 165 lub sij hawm ib feeb, thiab thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus - 550 lub sij hawm. Nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov circulatory system ntawm cov noog tshwm sim los ntawm ib theem siab ntawm metabolism. Lub plawv muaj ib tug loj ntim, ceev ceev mem tes, cov ntshav yog noo nrog cov pa thiab suab thaj - tag nrho cov no muaj ob tug mob siab heev mov ntawm tag nrho cov kabmob ntawm cov kev tsim nyog cov ntaub ntawv, thiab ceev ceev tshem tawm ntawm metabolic khoom.

tsis totaub

olfactory kabmob ntawm cov noog yog tsis zoo tsim. Feem ntau cov noog deprived ntawm lub sij hawm mus rau qhov txawv tsw. Lub sab hauv qauv ntawm cov noog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub rooj sib hais, yog xav paub ntau tsim dua uas ntawm cov tsiaj reptiles. Cov koom haum hnov hais puab, theem nrab thiab txheej pob ntseg. Cov yav tas muaj lwm hnov meatus tob, framed daim tawv nqaij folds thiab tshwj xeeb cwjmem.

Noog zoo-tsim kabmob uas tsis pom kev. Ob lub qhov muag loj loj thiab cov complex qauv, zoo rhiab heev. Xim zeem muag yog zoo dua tsim dua cov lwm yam tsiaj. Nqaij qaib paub qhov txawv ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntxoov. Nrog rau cov kev kub ceev ntawm lub nyob rau hauv-flight pom kev tso cai rau koj mus ntsuam xyuas qhov teeb meem no los ntawm ib tug deb, tab sis kuj cov khoom uas yog ib tug ob peb centimeters, cov noog pom kom meej meej.

lub paj hlwb

Nyob rau hauv sib ntaus, cov noog ua complex taw, ces tus cerebellum yog lub luag hauj lwm rau kev sib koom, yog loj. Lub olfactory qhov muag kuj zoo tsim. forebrain hemisphere nce. Lub sab hauv qauv ntawm cov noog, lawv lub hlwb thiab lub paj hlwb yog txuam nrog ib tug complex tus cwj pwm ntawm cov noog.

Feem ntau cov kev ua instinctively - qhov kev siv ntawm lub zes, khub, noj kev saib xyuas ntawm cov offspring. Tab sis nrog lub hnub nyoog, tus noog yog muaj peev xwm kawm. Yog hais tias lub me nyuam qaib tsis muaj kev ntshai ntawm tus txiv neej, ib txhia neeg laus yuav yog ntshai ntawm cov neeg. Lawv muaj peev xwm yuav txawv los ntawm ib tug tsis muaj yam tawv yos hav zoov, thiab crows yuav to taub hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv lub tes ntawm ib tug txiv neej - ib tug stick los yog ib rab phom.

Ib txhia noog paub cov neeg uas yog feem ntau noj, trainable thiab muaj peev xwm muaj ntsi xws li suab sib txawv, xws li tib neeg hais lus.

Excretory thiab kev ua me nyuam system

Xav txog cov excretory thiab kev ua me nyuam system, lawv nrog cov qauv thiab yug me nyuam noog. Txij li thaum lub metabolism yog ceev nyob rau hauv cov noog, loj buds. Cov khub metanephric lub cev muab faib ua peb tuaj thiab yog nyob rau hauv lub dorsal pelvic phab ntsa. Departing los ntawm lawv ureters qhib mus rau hauv lub cloaca. Zais zis nyob rau hauv cov noog muaj. pov tseg, muaj raws feem ntau ntawm uric acid, yog sai tshem tawm ntawm lub cev.

Copulatory hloov nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov noog ua tsis tau. Noob qes, ua nyob rau hauv loj thaum lub sij hawm me nyuam lub sij hawm, tso zis tus txheem ntawm lub channel nyob rau hauv lub seminal vesicle yog nyob rau hauv lub cesspool.

Lub sab hauv qauv ntawm cov noog, yuav tsum tau pes tsawg, tus poj niam deev kabmob, muaj nthuav nta. Lawv tau tsim tsuas yog cov sab laug zes qe menyuam thiab oviduct, txoj cai feem ntau yog rudimentary. Feem ntau cov yuav qhov no yog vim tsis muaj qhov chaw rau cov simultaneous tsim ntawm loj qe. Nws ncaim ntawm lub zes qe menyuam oviduct, uas yog muab faib ua ob peb seem: ib tug ntev hlab qe raj, nyias-walled thiab dav thiab nqaim chaw mos los tsev menyuam uas opens mus rau hauv lub cloaca. Mus nqa tawm insemination, tus txiv neej presses nws cloaca rau cov poj niam cloaca.

Tu tub tu kiv thiab kev kho mob ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv

Peb tau soj ntsuam lub internal qauv ntawm cov noog. Biology tsis tsuas kawm lub cev, tab sis kuj ntsuam tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tsiaj. Wb tham txog xws li ib tug complex txheej txheem raws li cov tu tub tu kiv thiab kev kho mob ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv nyob rau hauv cov noog.

yug me nyuam rau lub caij yuav los, thaum muaj txaus cov zaub mov. Peb noog - caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab lub caij ntuj sov. Tab sis tu tub tu kiv nyob rau hauv cov noog khaws cia nyob rau hauv captivity, xws li hniav, stimulating ntawm txhua lub sij hawm ntawm lub xyoo, ua kom muaj nuj nqis thiab tus nqi noj haus ntawm cov zaub mov.

Feem ntau cov me me thiab medium-qhov loj qhov me noog yog paired rau lub caij, nyob rau hauv loj tsis ntau ntev alliances. Yuav tsim cov tsiaj uas raug tsim ib tug khub ntawm lub sij hawm. Partner xaiv yog tsis random. Tokuyut caug nyiam cov xim ntawm cov pojniam: kis plaub, muab ib tug tshwj xeeb suab tuaj mus rau hauv lub bout.

Feem ntau cov hom nteg qe nyob rau hauv lub zes, uas yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv av, nyob rau hauv cov ntoo, ntawm lub bushes, nyob rau hauv lub hollows, burrows. Plhaub qe tiv thaiv lub zog, feem ntau muaj ib tug masking xim.

Nyob rau hauv precocial hom (nqaij qaib, os, grouse, kuab) me nyuam qaib mam li tawm hauv lub qe nrog koj ob lub qhov muag qhib thiab them nrog ib yas ib yas. Heev sai sai, lawv pib noj rau lawv tus kheej thiab tawm hauv lub zes. Nyob rau hauv zes noog (cov nquab, crows, chickadees, sparrows, rooks, parrots, noog of prey) Hluas tshwm sim qhov muag tsis pom thiab liab qab, kiag li tsis paub pab.

Rau cov noog cov yam ntxwv ntawm heev kho mob rau cov offspring. Noog sov thiab pub lawv cov tub ntxhais, tiv thaiv lawv.